<p>The Gridley Building, built in 1867 It was designed by Horatio Nelson White and was built adjacent to what was then the Erie Canal and is now Erie Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The address of the Gridley Building is 101 S. Salina Street, according to the 1970 National Register of Historic Places nomination form. Five years later, the Hanover Square Historic District nomination listed its address as 101 East Water Street.</p><br>
<p>The Syracuse Savings Bank Building is located directly across Erie Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>The architect for Gridley Building, Horatio Nelson White, also designed the Hall of Languages in 1870 with the very similar style. It was the first building on Syracuse University campus, and is often prominently displayed as a representation of the University in many forums.</p><br>
<p>Syracuse Savings Bank Building, also known as Bank of America building, is a historic building in Syracuse, New York designed by Joseph Lyman Silsbee.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1875 adjacent to the Erie Canal, and, at 171 feet tall, was the tallest building in Syracuse. It opened in 1876 as Syracuse Savings Bank. Its passenger elevator, the first in Syracuse, was a curiosity that drew visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s current principal tenant, in the first four floors, is Bank of America. It was bought in 2007 by a limited liability corporation having four local principals for $1.75 million.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 102 N. Salina Street, across Erie Boulevard from the Gridley Building.</p><br>
<p>The Forks of Cypress was a large slave-labour cotton farm and Greek Revival plantation house near Florence in Lauderdale County, Alabama, United States. It was designed by architect William Nichols for James Jackson and his wife, Sally Moore Jackson. Construction was completed in 1830. It was the only Greek Revival house in Alabama with a two-story colonnade around the entire house, composed of 24 Ionic columns. The name was derived from the fact that Big Cypress Creek and Little Cypress Creek border the plantation and converge near the site of the main house. Although the main house was destroyed by fire in 1966 after being struck by lightning, the site was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on April 14, 1992 and the National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 1997. The site is the property of the State of Alabama; a local board has oversight.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Jackson was born October 25, 1782, in Ballybay, County Monaghan, Ireland. Jackson moved to Alabama from Nashville, Tennessee, in 1818. From 1822 on, he was active in state politics and served in both houses of the Alabama Legislature. In 1830, Jackson was named president of the Alabama Senate.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s and 30s, James Jackson, an avid horseman, imported a dozen or more English thoroughbreds for breeding his own horses and in an effort to improve the overall bloodstock of the American thoroughbred. He was eminently successful in the effort, particularly with three of his imports: Leviathan in 1830, Gallopade in 1835 and Glencoe in 1836. American turf historian John Hervey rates James Jackson as "the most successful importer in the history of the American thoroughbred". James Jackson died on August 17, 1840, and was buried in the family cemetery, near the plantation house. His widow was the executor of his will and, on October 9, 1840, made bond in the amount of $400,000 (~$ in ). The will of James Jackson, recorded September 15, 1840, at the Lauderdale County Court House, directed his nephew Thomas Kirkman to manage a trust which would control and gradually sell off the racehorses, a duty Kirkman completed in 1848, with the sale of Glencoe.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War invading Union forces used the lands of the Forks as a base camp. At this time, the farm was owned by James widow, Sarah Jackson. Additionally, some of writer Alex Haleys ancestors were slaves on this plantation, which provides a setting for much of his book, Queen: The Story of an American Family. Hugh Scott owned The Forks of Cypress in 1935 and by the 1940s sold the plantation to Rufus B. Dowdy (1897-1980), who restored the house and grounds. On June 6, 1966, the plantation house was struck by lightning and burned to the ground. It was never rebuilt, but the Dowdy family carefully preserved the brick pillars, still standing in picturesque ruin, as well as the original log house, several outbuildings and the Jackson family cemetery. As of June 2017, twenty-three of the original twenty-four brick pillars remain standing.</p><br>
<p>A near replica of the main house was built in 1983 in downtown Florence, Alabama at 321 N. Seminary Street and is 5 miles away from the original site. The replica serves as a Regions Bank branch.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Regions Bank replica, another replica of The Forks of Cypress was built in 2005. It is located near the Historic Natchez Trace Parkway in western Lauderdale County, Alabama approximately 16 miles west of Florence. This building is a private residence and it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Awatovi Ruins, spelled Awatovi in recent literature, are an archaeological site on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona, United States. The site contains the ruins of a pueblo estimated to be 500 years old, as well as those of a 17th-century Spanish mission. It was visited in the 16th century by members of Francisco Vázquez de Coronados exploratory expedition. In the 1930s, Hopi artist Fred Kabotie was commissioned by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University to reproduce the prehistoric murals found during the excavation of the Awatovi Ruins. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The site has been studied, and now even the campsite of the archeologists is itself of archeological interest: the Awatovi Expedition of the Peabody Museum campsite is itself deemed an archeological site worthy of further study.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-European history</h2><br>
<p>Awatovi was founded sometime after 1300, according to ceramics recovered from the archaeological excavations of Awatovi. It quickly grew to be the largest and most important village within the Hopi area. It housed members of the Bow Clan and was the largest of the villages on Antelope Mesa. Recent research has placed Awatovi as the leading village of a macro-cluster that included the villages on Antelope Mesa, on First Mesa, and an outlying cluster of villages at Homol&#39;ovi on the Little Colorado River some 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the south. There is some archaeological evidence to suggest that while modern Hopis claim ancestry with the Jeddito Phase sites, including Awatovi, these Jeddito villages may not have been Hopi.</p><br>
<h2>European contact</h2><br>
<p>Awatovi was the first of the Hopi villages to be visited and conquered by the Spanish. In the early 16th century, Awatovi was one of the largest and most important of the villages. It had already been in existence for about 450 years. The first European visitor, in 1540, was Pedro de Tovar, dispatched by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to the Hopi villages a week after the capture of Hawikuh. A skirmish occurred when de Tovar arrived, but the inhabitants quickly sued for peace and offered presents of cloth, skins, turquoise, and maize. The five remaining Hopi pueblos then offered fealty to the King of Spain.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish did not visit Hopi again until 1583, when the Antonio de Espejo expedition spent several days at the Hopi villages before turning southwest to the Verde Valley. Juan de Oñate, in 1598, found the Hopis ready to capitulate formally to the King of Spain. Oñate visited the pueblos again in 1605, and Captain Gerónimo Marquez in 1614, but not until 1629 did the Spanish make any substantial missionary effort among the Hopis. The documentary record indicates abusive behavior by priests at Awatovi in the 1650s. In 1656, a young Hopi man by the name of Juan Suñi was sent to Santa Fe as an indentured servant because he impersonated the resident priest, Alonso de Posada, at Awatovi, an act believed to have been carried out in the spirit of Hopi clowning.</p><br>
<p>During the Pueblo Revolt, the Hopis razed the church at Awatovi and killed the priests operating at the other Hopi villages. The Hopis expected reprisals for participating in the 1680 rebellion, but none came. When Diego de Vargas, the reconqueror, arrived in 1692, the Hopis apparently reswore their allegiance to Spain, and he departed without incident. Not long afterward, the Spaniards rebuilt the mission of San Bernardo de Aguatubi.</p><br>
<p>In 1700, tensions began to grow in the pueblo of Awatovi between the converted Hopis and traditionalists. By the end of 1700, the extreme hostility of most Hopis to Christian converts at Awatovi led to the destruction of the pueblo. The attackers killed all the men at Awatovi, and scattered the women and children among the other villages. The site was never reoccupied.</p><br>
<h2>History after abandonment</h2><br>
<p>Important early work at Awatovi was reported by Jesse Walter Fewkes in 1893–95. Extensive archeological excavations were conducted at Awatovi by J. O. Brew of the Peabody Museum in the 1930s. Brew&#39;s extensive artifact collections and archives are held at the Peabody Museum. Most of his excavations have been backfilled. "Not all Hopis approved of the Awatovi excavations; Awatovi was forsaken for a reason. By the time the Peabody’s initial Department of the Interior permit ran out in 1939, the site, always on tribal land, was directly under Hopi control. The tribe chose not to renew the permit. The Awatovi Expedition opened during the Great Depression and was closed by a world war and changing circumstances."</p><br>
<p>"Because of World War II most of the reports for the Awatovi Expedition were not published until later, but by 1978 eleven reports started to appear. A "final" report for the Awatovi Expedition has never been written."“The multidisciplinary project attracted professional and avocational scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Former lawyer Watson Smith was, at the time, an enthusiastic amateur archaeologist. He joined the expedition as a volunteer during the 1936 season and became one of its most productive researchers, as well as one of the Southwest’s foremost archaeological scholars. In this classic volume of the Peabody Museum Papers series, first published in 1952, Smith reported on the remarkable painted murals found at Awatovi and other Puebloan sites in the underground ceremonial chambers known as kivas.”</p><br>
<p>“For several years, Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) researchers and associates have been studying the mural and pottery paintings of Hopi and other Pueblos, with an eye toward developing a traveling exhibit. The project, formerly known as the Southwest Mural Project, was put on hold in 2003 while the MNA board reviewed the project’s progress and worked to obtain a memorandum of understanding with the Hopi Tribe." "MNA and the Hopi Tribe signed the MOU in March of 2005 which, in part, allowed the project to move forward.”</p><br>
<p>Shadows-on-the-Teche is an American 3,750 ft&sup2; historic house, garden, and cemetery. Formerly a working sugar cane plantation with enslaved labor, it is located in New Iberia, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1834 for planter, David Weeks  and his wife Mary Conrad Weeks . The property is also home to the Shadows-on-the-Teche cemetery.</p><br>
<p>This is a National Historic Landmark since 1974 and is currently owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Sited 20 feet above the banks of the Bayou Teche, the construction of Shadows-on-the-Teche, a two-and-a-half-story, sixteen room house, coincided with the apogee of the Greek Revival style in United States architecture. When following this style, builders minimized the installation of superfluous decorative elements such as cornices, moldings, and trim. Decorations were severely limited and were designed to blend into and set off the building&#39;s handmade red brick construction. The seven bay entrance facade is located on the south front and is made up of eight full-height Tuscan columns of white-plastered brick standing on high square bases, that support a second-floor gallery or veranda, and topped by a Doric frieze. An exterior staircase is located on the left side of the front gallery that is hidden behind green painted louvered panels that are found on each side of the gallery. Three pedimented dormers are found on the gabled roof, that is pierced with two symmetrical brick chimneys on the ridge line that flank the central dormer.</p><br>
<p>The north facing rear facade features a central, two level open loggia that is enclosed on three sides by the house, flanked with double fenestrations on each level. The loggia is accessed on the ground floor by triple brick archways, where to the left, a narrow staircase leads to the second level with double white columns helping to support the frieze at the top of the house, and enclosed by a banister. Three pedimented dormers are found on the roof identical to the front.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The house has a traditional Creole plan on both floors, with three rooms across the front and two rear rooms flanking the loggia. On the first floor, the dining room, with a black and white checkered marble floor, occupies the center of the house. To the right of the dining room is an art studio, and to the left is a pantry/service work area that was used later as a kitchen. None of the ground floor rooms are accessed by interior hallways, and must be entered via the front gallery or the loggia in the rear. On the second floor an ornate parlor is centered in the middle and is flanked by the master bedroom on the left, with adjacent sitting room and secondary bedrooms on the right. The interior walls are covered with wallpaper, while the cypress doors were painted to simulate oak and the fireplaces were finished to appear like marble.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The grounds were laid out by Shadows-on-the-Teche&#39;s last private owner, William Weeks Hall, who established gardens formed by boxwood hedges and aspidistra walks, that included live oaks, bamboo, camellias, azaleas, and other plantings. At the northeast corner of the house is located an underground brick cistern, 6 feet deep and 11 feet wide, with a 3-foot-high domed top and a capacity of over 4,000 gallons. To the north, between the house and the bayou, is a summer house built in 1928, as a focal point to the gardens, designed to mimic the arches on the rear facade of the house. Elsewhere on the grounds is the Weeks family cemetery that contains the remains of four generations of the family, with the last burial for William Weeks Hall who died in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years, 1834 &ndash; 1922</h3><br>
<p>David and Mary Weeks were wealthy growers of sugar cane; they owned four plantations totaling approximately 3,000 acre of Acadiana land. Shadows-on-the-Teche was built on a tract of 158 acres on the edge of one of Weeks&#39; plantations in the parish seat of Iberia Parish. As a town house, Shadows-on-the-Teche was designed for social life and entertainment. It is said that, at the time of its construction, Shadows-on-the-Teche was only the third brick house to be built on Bayou Teche.</p><br>
<p>The Weeks family began to suffer from a series of family tragedies almost at once after the completion of the house. Planter David Weeks, who became chronically ill while Shadows-on-the-Teche was being built, died in August 1834 while in traveling in New England seeking medical attention.</p><br>
<p>Mary Weeks remarried lawyer John Moore but kept her childrens property separate from that of her second husband, as she was allowed to do under Louisiana law. This property included the 164 slaves, bequeathed to their children under the terms of her first husbands will.</p><br>
<p>David and Mary Weeks daughter, Frances Mary Weeks (Magill) Pruett and her children Mary Ida Magill and Augustine Magill were vacationing at Last Island, Louisiana; where they died in the 1856 Last Island hurricane disaster. The children were buried on the grounds of Shadows-on-the-Teche.</p><br>
<p>The Shadows-on-the-Teche household was economically and physically dependent on Louisiana slavery. Mary Weeks and John Moore strongly supported African American slavery and supported the political changes which they thought were necessary to save it; in 1861, Moore was a delegate to the convention in which Louisiana seceded from the Union. This political status and viewpoint made the household vulnerable during the Civil War. Federal troops requisitioned occupancy of the property, and officers of the occupying army quartered themselves in it. Mary Weeks died in December 1863 at Shadows-on-the-Teche, while part of the house was being used by Union troops as officers&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by David and Mary Weeks&#39; eldest son, William F. Weeks (1824–1895), who partly restored the family fortunes during Reconstruction era. However, after his death in 1895, the property was passed to his daughters Lily and Harriet, who were compelled to sell off much of the land surrounding the house to meet their living expenses, reducing the grounds from 158 acres to 2 1/2 acres.</p><br>
<h3>1922 &ndash; present day</h3><br>
<p>Lilys only child, William Weeks Hall (sometimes called Weeks Hall), moved into the Shadows-on-the-Teche in 1922, after he bought out his aunts partial ownership in the property, and lived there until his death in 1958. An accomplished artist and strongly preservation-minded individual, Hall sorted and donated the voluminous archive of family papers that he found in the house, and entertained many notable people of the age including Lyle Saxon, Cecil B. DeMille, Emily Post, Walt Disney, and Henry Miller, who recounted his visit to the property in his travelogue The Air-Conditioned Nightmare.</p><br>
<p>At the end of his life in 1958, Hall donated the house and garden to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which has owned and operated it to the present. In 2022, the Iberia African American Historical Society opened a center for research and learning within Shadows-on-the-Teche.</p><br>
<p>The C. Hart Merriam Base Camp Site is a historic campsite in Coconino National Forest, north of Flagstaff, Arizona. It is significant for its association with Clinton Hart Merriam , the United States&#39; first eco-biologist. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Merriam Base Camp Site is located about 20 mi northwest of Flagstaff, Arizona; about three miles east of USA Highway 180, southeast of the intersection of Forest Roads 151 and 418, within the Coconino National Forest. The Arizona Trail passes near the Merriam Base Camp Site. The campsite is located at an elevation of about 8,300 ft, on a knoll in the foothills northwest of Humphreys Peak, near Little Spring, a natural spring emanating from a meadow.</p><br>
<p>This camp is the site from which Clinton Hart Merriam, then head of a predecessor of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, performed the fieldwork and research leading to the development of the ecological concept of the life zone. He described life zones in the San Francisco Mountains, in which the distribution of animal and plant life was described with respect to latitude, altitude, and other environmental factors. Merriam&#39;s work in this area was flawed but important, driving the development and refinement of what was then a new concept.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Laboratory is a historic biological research facility atop Tumamoc Hill  at 1675 West Anklam Road in Tucson, Arizona. It was founded by the Carnegie Institution in 1903 to study how plants survive and thrive in the heat and aridity of deserts, and was the first such privately funded effort in the nation. Led by Spalding & Shreve, they also contributed innovations in conservation.</p><br>
<p>Part of it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The rest was added in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Acting on the authority of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Frederick Vernon Coville Botanist of the USDA and Daniel T. McDougal of the New York Botanical Garden chose Tumamoc Hill as the location of the Desert Laboratory in February, 1903. It opened in October of that year.</p><br>
<p>It is now operated by Tumamoc: People & Habitats, part of The University of Arizona&#39;s College of Science.</p><br>
<h2>Walking up Tumamoc&#39;s Road</h2><br>
<p>The public is welcome to walk up almost to the top of Tumamoc Hill. Walkers must stay on the road. Bicycles and pets are not allowed. And the very top of the Hill is an archaeological site where there is no unsupervised entry. Vehicular traffic restricted to authorized persons.</p><br>
<p>The Double Adobe site is an archaeological site in southern Arizona, twelve miles northwest of Douglas in the Whitewater Draw area. In October 1926, just three months after the first human artifact was uncovered at the Folsom site, Byron Cummings, first Head of the Archaeology Department at the University of Arizona, led four students to Whitewater Draw. Discovered by a schoolboy, the Double Adobe site contained the skull of a mammoth overlying a sand layer containing stone artifacts. One of these students was Emil Haury.</p><br>
<p>Later investigators found that the bones and artifacts were mixed by redeposited stream sediments, confusing the early interpretations. Fossil bones of mammoth, horse, bison, antelope, coyote and dire wolf were found associated with the artifacts, which included fire-cracked rock, projectile points, and small grinding stones.</p><br>
<p>The presence of grinding stones has been interpreted to mean that people were beginning to adapt to the changes brought by the end of the Ice Age and the extinction of many of the large mammals. The coming of the Holocene Era (10,000 years Before Present) brought warmer and drier conditions to the Southwest. As a result, by 11,000-10,500 BP the Clovis culture was beginning to give way to more regional variants, which are generally called the Archaic cultures.</p><br>
<p>E. B. Sayles and E. Antevs 1941 definition of the Cochise culture (the name given to the southern Archaic tradition in the Southwest) was based upon excavations undertaken within the Double Adobe district. Many of the Southwests most respected archaeologists have led investigations in the region over the years. Double Adobe has yielded important information on southern Arizonas prehistoric climate, ecology, and animal life.</p><br>
<p>The Double Adobe site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba Ruins is a 600-room Mogollon great house archaeological site in eastern Arizona and is administered by the White Mountain Apache Tribe. It is located on the present-day Fort Apache Indian Reservation, near the Apache community of Canyon Day. As it demonstrates a combination of both Mogollon and Ancestral Puebloan cultural traits, archaeologists consider it part of the historical lineage of both the Hopi and Zuni cultures. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba&#39;s elevation is about 5,000 ft. It lies above a pine-fringed alluvial valley, west of Fort Apache, near the White Mountain Apache Tribal community of Canyon Day. Long known to the Apache people of the region and alleged to have been visited by Conquistadors, the site was first written about in English in 1892, when pioneering archaeologist Adolph Bandelier described the ruins. In 1964, the NPS designated the site as a National Historic Landmark. It had long been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. The ruins received limited cleanup and restoration in 2005–2007.</p><br>
<p>Scholars believe that Kinishba may have been the pueblo Chiciticale referred to in narratives of the 1540–41 Spanish expedition led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>From 1931 to 1940, the archaeologist Dr. Byron Cummings, Director of the Arizona State Museum (and head of the Department of Archeology at the University of Arizona), led a team of archaeology students and local Apache field assistants over several seasons to excavate and restore Kinishba. He named the site, ki datbaa, derived from the Apache words meaning "brown house".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Kinishba</h3><br>
<p>Kinishba is about 5,000 ft above sea level, south of the Mogollon Rim and north of the Salt River. It is at the eastern foot of Tsé Sizin ("Rock Standing Up" or Sawtooth Mountain), on White Mountain Apache trust lands associated with the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The ruins are located in a valley that slopes to the right bank of the White River. The site is easily accessible in comparison to the other 20 or so large (150 or more rooms) Ancestral Pueblo village ruins in the Fort Apache area. Estimates suggest the ruins were built and occupied from the 12th to 14th centuries as part of the ancient population boom within the Mogollon Rim region and beyond. Centralized in the lush mountains of the Mt. Baldy watershed, the area has been linked to both Mogollon and Anasazi cultures. They were considered part of the western Pueblo complex.</p><br>
<p>The Kinishba pueblo is composed of nine major building mounds, the remains of masonry room blocks, some of which were originally three stories tall. There were two large apartment blocks, and several smaller buildings, with two communal courtyards. At its peak, Kinishba may have housed up to 1,000 to 1,500 people. The masonry walls are unique for their double-walled construction: one side is faced and the other made of rubble. The rooms averaged 14 by, with a firepit in the center. Scholars believe that most families occupied two rooms, one for living quarters and one for storage.</p><br>
<p>In the smaller courtyard was a kiva, a room built underground for religious ceremonies. The larger courtyard revealed evidence of three ceremonial stages. It is 63 by. In the first stage, of the late 12th century or early 13th century, five underground rooms, each the size of the kiva, were built; they had earthen rather than masonry walls. About the middle of the 13th century, these rooms were filled in. Juniper posts were set into the ground to support beams and a roof, making a large, above-ground room of the courtyard. Later the roof burned, and researchers found no evidence that it was replaced. Ceremonies were moved to other rooms of the pueblo.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and habitation in the Fort Apache region</h3><br>
<p>The largest 13th- and 14th-century ruins along the Mogollon Rim all share architectural elements, ceramic assemblages, and similar locational characteristics. They are proximate to expanses of land suitable for dry maize farming, and they have ready access to domestic water, tabular sandstone or limestone, and ponderosa pine.</p><br>
<p>All of these large villages were built up from apartment-style room blocks, laid out to define communal courtyards or plazas.</p><br>
<p>The resident people cultivated corn, beans and gourds nearby, which were raised together to conserve moisture. They may have raised cotton as well, and gathered fruits, berries, nuts and other foods locally. The White Mountains region served as plentiful resource that allowed for hunting and gathering of food. The women processed the meat for food, and the skin, sinew and bones for clothing, tools, and other needs.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba and her sister villages were abandoned by the Mogollon people in the late 14th or early 15th century for unknown reasons. It may have been related to a water source drying up. The area saw little human interaction until the arrival of the nomadic culture of the Apache from the western Great Plains. The ruins were not used by the Apache.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological excavation</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, the site was pulled apart by pot hunters and soldiers from Fort Apache seeking souvenirs. In 1892 Adolph Bandelier, a pioneering archaeologist, was the first European to write about the site, and other archeologists visited it.</p><br>
<p>From 1931 into the 1940s, Byron Cummings of the University of Arizona led a team of students and a varying workforce of 10 to 27 White Mountain Apache to excavate and restore the site. Cummings named the site, derived from the Apache words ki datbaa, meaning "brown house".</p><br>
<p>He created a university field school at the camp of the site, which had seasons from 1931 to 1939. He used a variety of funding means, including his broad network of supporters and the Civilian Conservation Corps and Bureau of Indian Affairs (which administered the Fort Apache Agency), to pay for workers and materials. Chester Holden, David Kane, and Turner Thompson were Apache men who spent at least five seasons at the site and became strongly attached to the preservation project.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the teams built a small museum and tourist site in 1939 to hold artifacts and interpret the site. Built during the Great Depression, the museum was intended also as a place for the Apache to sell their contemporary arts and crafts, and to provide continuing employment for tribal members. Cummings was a scholar-entrepreneur, who "combined archaeological research and training; intertribal and interagency collaboration; historic preservation; and museum, community, and tourism enterprise development" in the first project of its kind in Arizona." With his teams, Cummings "excavated at least 220 rooms", and "rebuilt about 140". He enhanced what today is called a heritage tourism destination.</p><br>
<p>Cummings believed that the site was so important that it should be designated by the Department of the Interior as a National Monument and added to properties managed by the National Park Service. The agency gave preference to more accessible sites, given the needs of the Great Depression quickly followed by World War II. Cummings did not succeed in having the NPS take over the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the Department of the Interior published a pamphlet on the site, referring to the "Kinishba Ruins and Museum". The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 by the Department of the Interior and added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the ruins have not been maintained and have deteriorated, as did the museum. A partial restoration was done in 2005–2007 to stabilize much of the site. The complex is administered by the White Mountain Apache Tribe and the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation as a "satellite" element of the Fort Apache Historic Park. The White Mountain Apache require visitors to obtain a permit to visit the Kinishba Ruins site.</p><br>
<p>The White Mountain Apache have built their own museum at the Fort Apache Historic Park, based on their traditional style of a gowa, or home. It is called Nohwike Bágowa (House of Our Footprints), or the White Mountain Apache Culture Center and Museum. The park includes a 288 acre National Historic District, with 27 buildings dating from the US Armys use of the fort during the Apache Wars. The reservation has standing structures ranging in age from ancient to contemporary times. The tribe has provided explanations of the history of the Mogollon Rim Pueblo, as well as the historic and contemporary White Mountain Apache.</p><br>
<p>The Jerome Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the former mining community of Jerome, Arizona. The town was founded as a mining camp associated with copper deposits that were mined from the late 19th century until 1953. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and was included into the then-new National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Jerome is a town in the Black Hills of Yavapai County, Arizona. It was founded in the late 19th century on Cleopatra Hill overlooking the Verde Valley to take advantage of copper deposits discovered in the 1870s whose extraction was made profitable by the arrival of a railroad spur nearby. The community reached its peak in the early 20th-century, and declined as its principal ore lodes were exhausted after World War II; the mines were closed for good in 1953. The historic district encompasses most of the built area within the town&#39;s municipal limits, as well as mining-related resources outside those limits, and the Douglas Mansion, the centerpiece of Jerome State Historic Park. The community retains much of the look and feel of an early 20th-century mining town, with buildings perched along the winding roads of the steeply sloped mountainside. In addition to houses, commercial and civic buildings survive, as does a late 19th-century copper smelter.</p><br>
<h2>Jerome Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The Jerome Historical Society was founded in 1953 and is located at 407 Clark Street, within the district. In 1956 the society completed negotiations with Phelps Dodge assuring that no more buildings would be torn down in the main part of Jerome. The aim of the society is to "protect, preserve and present the unique physical and natural history of Jerome…for the benefit of residents and current and future generations.” The society maintains a variety of buildings, museums and special projects in and around Jerome.</p><br>
<h2>Historic properties</h2><br>
<p>Numerous properties within the district are historical, though others are not. Structures identified as historical by the Jerome Historical Society Plaque Project have a mounted plaque, placed by the society. The historic properties include:</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge is a hotel and cabins complex at Bright Angel Point on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who designed a number of other hotels in national parks for the Utah Parks Company and other concessioners. Built in 1927–28, the Grand Canyon Lodge resort complex consists of the Main Lodge building, 23 deluxe cabins, and 91 standard cabins, some of which were moved to the north rim campground in 1940. All guests are housed in cabins detached from the main lodge, which serves as a dining, concessions and service facility. Constructed of native Kaibab limestone and timber, the complex was designed to harmonize with its rocky and forested setting. The Grand Canyon Lodge complex is notable for its setting and rustic design, as well as its status as the only complete surviving lodge and cabin complex in the national parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The new hotel complex on the North Rim was built in 1927–28 by the Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, which operated similar concessions in Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks. Until then, most of the concession activity on the North Rim was at the camp run by W.W. Wylie, a concessioner more closely associated with Yellowstone National Park, who operated the tent camp that eventually became the Grand Canyon Inn and Campground after it was taken over by the Utah Parks Company.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge initially consisted of the Main Lodge building, 20 deluxe cabins, and 100 standard cabins. 20 additional cabins were constructed in 1928. The lodge and many of the cabins were built in the fall and winter of 1927–28, in a region known for its severe winter weather. Cabin construction continued through the summer of 1928. A 1932 fire that began in the lodges basement destroyed much of the main lodge and two cabins. The lodge was rebuilt in 1936–37 to a modified design, that re-used much of the original stonework, but which was otherwise scaled back, lacking the originals second story and observation tower. Underwood increased the amount of stonework and modified the roofline in response to the original lodge&#39;s experience of heavy snowfall. Debate continues over the role Underwood played, if any, in the rebuilt Grand Canyon Lodge, as he was by then working for the Federal government, and his signature is not apparent on the reconstruction drawings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gilbert Stanley Underwood was employed by the Union Pacific Railroad to design resort hotels at Zion, Bryce Canyon, Yosemite, and Grand Canyon. Underwood purposefully designed the stonework to appear like natural rock outcroppings. The main lodge building is set slightly downhill into the side of the canyon and is the complex&#39;s central feature. The structure of both the original and rebuilt lodges is a mixture of Kaibab limestone and peeled Ponderosa pine logs.</p><br>
<p>The original lodge was a shallow U-shaped structure featured the central south-facing Sun Room with large windows and open stone terraces to either side. The east terrace featured an outdoor stone fireplace. The dining room ran along the western terrace with a bank of windows overlooking the canyon and a dramatic log truss roof augmented by concealed steel reinforcement. The eastern wing was a two-story structure with a recreation room on the lower level and a female employee dormitory on the upper level. The roof of the Sun Room was a terrace that stepped up into the main lobby, which was itself capped with an observation tower. The wings held bathing facilities, gift shops and a soda fountain, with a basement containing service areas, and a large room below the Sun Room. The original lodge, with its shallow roof, expressed California design influences, with elements of Spanish Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilt lodge maintained the same general outline, but was simplified and strengthened against the severe winter snow loads of the North Rim. The Dining Room was reconstructed largely as it was before, but with a steeper roof pitch, and the Recreation room received similar treatment, without the original upper level, and on a smaller scale than the Dining Room. Compared with the original there was greater use of stone throughout the lodge. The Sun Room was rebuilt in the same relationship to the lobby as before. The reconstruction included wrought iron hardware and lighting fixtures that complement the rustic wood and stone structure. The overall effect of the reconstructed lodge was one of more strongly expressed rustic character.</p><br>
<h3>Cabins</h3><br>
<p>All guest accommodation at the Grand Canyon Lodge was and remains in small detached cabins, arranged in duplex or quadplex plans. Cabins fell into two categories: Regular and Deluxe. The regular cabins, sometimes called economy cabins, were built as true log cabins with gabled roofs, each of two rooms divided by a log wall with a door. Located to the northwest of the lodge, 91 of these were built. 46 were altered with a bathroom extension of simulated log construction with a toilet for each side, while most of the remainder had single shared bathrooms built inside. Each cabin has an unroofed stone porch at either end. The deluxe cabins, located to the northeast of the lodge, are frame structures sheathed with half-logs. 18 are duplexes (another two burned when the lodge burned and were never replaced) and five are quadplexes. Floor plans and porch arrangements vary. All deluxe cabins share prominent porches of heavy log construction, many of which are on the edge of the canyon and have their own views. Deluxe cabins included stone chimneys. The regular cabins are still in use, divided into cabins that retain the original layout, and renovated cabins that combine both rooms into one larger cabin.</p><br>
<p>The cabin complex is significant in its retention of both classes of cabins. At other parks the cabins have either been removed, or the economy cabins have vanished, or, as at Zion, the main lodge has been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It had previously been placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 1982. The historic district includes a rustic drinking fountain and a trail shelter near the head of the North Kaibab Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum is a local history museum at 5 Copper Queen Plaza in Bisbee, Arizona. It is located in the Phelps Dodge General Office Building, a National Historic Landmark for the importance of the Phelps Dodge Corporations role in the growth and development of the American Southwest. The museum is dedicated primarily to local history, particularly the towns founding and growth as a mining center.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum is located in downtown Bisbee, facing south toward Tombstone Canyon Road near its junction with Howell Avenue. It is a two-story red brick building, its main section covered by a gabled roof. A single-story ell extends to one side, and its front facade is adorned by a pair of projecting two-story polygonal bays. Windows are typically topped by rounded arches, and the main entrance is at the center of the south facade, sheltered by a portico whose rounded archway is supported by square brick posts. Several of the interior rooms have been restored to a period appearance, while others are given over to museum galleries and offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was the headquarters of the Phelps Dodge mining company from 1896 to 1961. It thereafter house county offices, and served for a time as the local post office before being adapted by the city for use as a museum in 1971. It s designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 for its associate with Phelps Dodge, whose growth mirrored that of the country and region in the second half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Painted Desert Inn is a historic complex in Petrified Forest National Park, in Apache County, eastern Arizona. It is located off Interstate 40 and near the original alignment of historic USA Route 66, overlooking the Painted Desert.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The inn&#39;s main building and associated guest cabins−casitas were designed in the Pueblo Revival style, by National Park Service architect Lyle E. Bennett and others from the Park Service Branch of Plans and Design. Construction was carried out by Civilian Conservation Corps builders and artisans over 1937–1940. A portion of the main building was remodeled from the 1920s inn on the site, nicknamed the Stone Tree House due to local petrified wood used in its architectural elements.</p><br>
<p>After post-war design revisions by architect and interior designer Mary Jane Colter, it was operated by the Fred Harvey Company as a Harvey House from 1947 to 1963, when it closed. Demolition was proposed in the mid-1970s, but after public protests the building was reopened for limited use in 1976 as a Bicentennial Travel Center after being listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architecture and the distinctive way in which New Deal works funding was used for its construction.</p><br>
<p>The main building of the Painted Desert Inn was extensively rehabilitated and restored over the years, reopening as a museum and bookstore in the 1990s full time. There was an extensive period of rehabilitation for the complex 2004–2006, reopening as a museum (the park&#39;s bookstores are now at the Rainbow Forest Museum and Painted Desert Visitor Center). Overnight accommodations are not currently available at the inn (not since 1947), but during the summer months it has a nostalgic ice cream parlor.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Hopi artist Fred Kabotie was engaged by Colter to paint the inns murals in 1947–48. Colter knew Kabotie from a previous collaboration at the Fred Harvey Hopi House in Grand Canyon National Park. Kaboties work depicts aspects of Hopi life, including a journey through the Painted Desert to collect salt.</p><br>
<p>The Dekum or the Dekum Building is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>With its rusticated sandstone base, over-scaled arches at street level, and stone carvings, the eight-story building is a strong example of Romanesque Revival architecture. It was made completely from materials found in Oregon. Completed in 1892, it is named after Frank Dekum, a German immigrant who opened Portland&#39;s first candy shop. Construction cost US$300,000 in 1892, equivalent to $ in. During construction, masons reportedly drank beer instead of the usual coffee.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>Blueplate Lunch Counter and Soda Fountain (2006–2016)</p><br>
<p>Wieden+Kennedy</p><br>
<p>The Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site is in southern Arizona  on the west bank of the San Pedro River 1.5 miles southwest of the town of Hereford. It is significant for its association with evidence that mammoths were killed here by Paleo-Indians 11,000 to 12,000 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967. In 1988, Mr. and Mrs. Lehner donated the site to the Bureau of Land Management for the benefit and education of the public.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1952, Ed Lehner discovered extinct mammoth bone fragments on his ranch, at the locality now known as the Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site. He notified the Arizona State Museum, and a summer of heavy rains in 1955 exposed more bones. Excavations, led by William W. Wasley and Emil Haury, took place in 1955–56, and again in 1974–75. In the initial effort, thirteen fluted projectile points, with 2 damaged, and 8 stone tools were found as well as 9 mammoth remains, one bison, a horse, and a tapir. The Clovis points were of chert, clear quartz, and chalcedony. Two hearths were discovered and sampled for radiocarbon dating. During the 1975 excavation the remains of a juvenile American Mastodon were found.</p><br>
<p>Bones of a variety of game—twelve immature mammoths, one horse, one tapir, several bison, one camel, one bear, several rabbits, and a garter snake—were excavated at the Lehner site.</p><br>
<p>The Lehner Mammoth kill and camp site exhibited a number of firsts: It was the first site associated with the Clovis culture to have definable fire hearths. These hearths provided the first radiocarbon dates for the culture (9,000 BCE). This site was also the first to have butchering tools in direct association with animal remains, and the first Clovis association with small animals, camel, and tapir. In addition to the obvious artifact remains, an inter-disciplinary group of scientists including archaeologists, botanists, geochronologists, geologists, paleontologists, palynologists, and zoologists have studied and interpreted a wide range of data from the site.</p><br>
<p>The Elias Hinshaw House is a historic home located at 16 West Main Street  in Knightstown, Henry County, Indiana. The house is built in Italian Villa style and was constructed in 1883. The main feature of the house is a four-story central tower. The house is of two-story brick construction on a raised basement.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The Elias Hinshaw House is located in the Knightstown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Power House is a former electric power plant that served National Park Service and concessioner facilities at the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park. It is significant for its architecture, which masks the building&#39;s industrial function behind a veneer of rustic design. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark on the basis of its design quality and the level of preservation of its equipment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power House was built in 1926 by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway to provide electrical power to its facilities at the South Rim, which included a train station, the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge. It also provided steam to heat train cars parked at the Grand Canyon rail yard. The buildings architect is unknown, but is believed to have been a Los Angeles-based architect known both to the railroad and to Daniel Ray Hull, the director of the National Park Service Landscape Engineering division, probably a staff architect for the Santa Fe. Hull at the time shared an office in Los Angeles with Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who worked for the competing Union Pacific Railways Utah Parks Company, designing structures at the North Rim and in national parks in Utah. The drawings were completed in 1925, but none are signed by an identifiable individual or firm. The 1926 Power House replaced an earlier structure that housed boilers and pumps. It was operated by the railroad until 1954, when it was sold to the National Park Service, who hired the Fred Harvey Company, the chief park concessioner, to operate the plant. It ceased operations in 1956 and its smokestack was demolished immediately after. The plant&#39;s diesel generators, pumps, boilers and electrical equipment remain intact. The building is used for storage by Fred Harvey.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power Plant is a concrete framed industrial building sheathed in a rustic exterior reminiscent of a huge Swiss chalet. Despite its bulk, the design of the plant carefully minimizes its apparent bulk and integrates it with the natural landscape. The design borrows elements from the similarly Swiss-rustic El Tovar Hotel located nearby. The buildings details are scaled to produce a trompe-lœil effect, with elements such as the balcony rail, eaves and windows about twice as big as would normally be expected.</p><br>
<p>The building is built into a slope, further reducing its scale. Its main mass is a tall main floor set over a low raised basement, all enclosed in random rubble limestone in a rough texture with deeply raked joints. Above this masonry mass is an upper story of painted concrete, set off by the false balcony with its high railing on three sides and part of the fourth. The upper story&#39;s steel industrial sash windows are framed with wood trim. The gable roof has a shallow slope with broad and heavy eaves. A west extension is detailed in a similar manner, and was apparently built just after the main building to accommodate a refrigeration plant. It retains some of its cork insulation on the inside. The interior is divided down the middle, following the roof ridgeline with an industrial steel and glass curtain wall. The roof is supported by steel trusses supporting wood decking. The original Fairbanks-Morse diesel generators are still in place, surrounded by access catwalks. A bridge crane used to service the generators remains intact.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been infilled with a freestanding multilevel structure to accommodate storage and office functions. The new structure is independent of the building&#39;s historical fabric and can be removed without harm to the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Historical designations</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power Plant was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It is also included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building was built in 1929 on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park. It is significant as an example of a National Park Service building designed to blend harmoniously with the natural surroundings, in the National Park Service Rustic style. The Operations Building was designed to replace the Superintendent&#39;s Residence as the park headquarters. It was in turn replaced by a newer building in 1967, and presently functions as the headquarters for park law enforcement. The building was designed by the National Park Service Landscape Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint, and has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its design significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Park Operations Building is a two-story structure, with rubble Kaibab limestone construction to the sill level of the first floor and wood-frame construction above. The building is dominated by massive battered rubble piers extending to the second floor sill level, with three large peeled log corner posts at each corner. It is crowned by a shallow-pitched roof with deep, bracketed eaves. A 1938 restroom addition is constructed in a similar manner, with sympathetic use of form and materials. The gabled roof runs back from the principal elevation, which features a ribbon of windows at the second floor and a central entrance door flanked by windows at the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the original interior, which was substantially renovated in 1938 and several times later. The lobby, however, remains substantially intact, with a large stone fireplace whose chimney supports log ceiling beams.</p><br>
<p>The Operations Building is one of the earliest and largest examples of Park Service rustic design at the Grand Canyon, part of the largest developed area in a USA national park. The Grand Canyon Village ensemble was developed with a consistent and original design theme in a style unique to the Park Service, in opposition to the eclectic style of park concessioners at the El Tovar Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designations</h2><br>
<p>The Park Operations Building was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987, reflecting its status as a prominent example of rustic construction in the national parks. It is included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Village Historic District comprises the historic center of Grand Canyon Village, on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The district includes numerous landmark park structures, many of which are National Historic Landmarks themselves, or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The town design as a whole is also significant for its attention to integration with the Grand Canyon landscape, its incorporation of National Park Service Rustic design elements, and for the idiosyncratic design of park concessioner structures such as the El Tovar Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Design and history</h2><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Village was planned by the National Park Service to be a comprehensive development for tourism on the South Rim. It is the largest example of Park Service town planning extant in the national park system. Initially centered on the terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway, the village expanded as both the Park Service and the park concessioner, the Fred Harvey Company, built or expanded facilities. Initial development was centered on the El Tovar Hotel and the Bright Angel Lodge, both concessioner-operated facilities. The El Tovar was opened in 1905 as a destination hotel on the canyon rim by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, who owned the Grand Canyon spur. A new train depot was built next to the hotel by the railway in 1909. Nearly all early development at the village was undertaken by concessioners.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, while the Grand Canyon was still designated a national monument, Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger suggested that a plan be established before further development took place at the South Rim. Mark Daniels, the general superintendent of the parks from 1914, called for similar comprehensive planning to establish water and sewer systems, power distribution and telephone networks. A 1924 master plan by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull established a "village square" at the intersection of the railroad and east road just below the El Tovar. The first park administration building was established there. Hull used the local topography, dictated by Bright Angel Wash valley&#39;s topography, with residential neighborhoods on two small hills divided by a branch of the Bright Angel drainage, away from the main south entrance road down Bright Angel and keeping hotel development in the area of the Bright Angel Camp and the El Tovar. Another square or plaza was intended where the new south entrance road approached the rim, surrounded by another administration building, a post office, and a proposed museum. Over time, the plaza became a parking area. Treatment of residential areas varied, including use of bungalows. Park Service housing was arranged so that automobile access was to the rear, with the house fronts oriented to a central communal space. Grand Canyon Village is one of the earliest uses of this arrangement in a planned community, predating its use at Radburn, New Jersey by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. Housing for Fred Harvey Company personnel was arranged in a more traditional street-facing arrangement, with a parallel system of alleys for access to garages at the rear of the lots.</p><br>
<p>Much of the work that was accomplished in the late 1930s was done by Civilian Conservation Corps labor, particularly the landscaping, which involved the transplantation of native vegetation into areas that had been disturbed by construction.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing structures</h2><br>
<p>Many of the contributing features and structures in Grand Canyon Village are simple landscape structures such as sidewalks, retaining walls and culverts. The canyon rim stone wall is the principle defining feature of the area, constructed in stages between 1905 and 1934. 44 such structures have been identified as contributing features, mostly built of local Kaibab limestone.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a number of significant structures, some of them National Historic Landmarks in their own right, with several others individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings can be divided into two categories: the fanciful structures built by park concessioners, many of which were designed by Mary Colter, and the more restrained examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture designed by Hull and Thomas Chalmers Vint for park administration and housing. Concessioner structures include:</p><br>
<p>The El Tovar Hotel (1905) was built by the AT&SF as a resort hotel on the canyon&#39;s rim. Designed by architect Charles Frederick Whittlesey, the hotel is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Bright Angel Lodge (1935) incorporates the Buckey O&#39;Neill Cabin and the Red Horse Station, relocated to the site. Formerly the Bright Angel Hotel, the facility was almost entirely rebuilt under the direction of architect Mary Colter. According to the 1996-dated National Historic Landmark District nomination, Bright Angel Hotel was not included in the original 1975 registration of the Grand Canyon Village Historic District as it was not then 50 years old, but the historic district was expanded in 1982 to include it.</p><br>
<p>The Buckey O&#39;Neill Cabin (1897) is the oldest structure at the South Rim, individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Lookout Studio (1914) is just to the west of the Bright Angel Lodge. Designed by Colter, the structure was originally known as "The Lookout," which is its primary purpose. The structure includes a small gift shop. It is part of the Mary Jane Colter buildings National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Hopi House (1905) was designed by Colter to resemble a Hopi pueblo. Located to the east of the El Tovar, between the hotel and Verkamp&#39;s Store, the multistory sandstone structure was built as a living museum in which Hopi artisans would demonstrate and sell their crafts. It is part of the Mary Jane Colter National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The El Tovar Stables (1904) were built to house horses and mules used for transportation around the park in pre-automobile times, and continue to be used to house mules for the Bright Angel Trail to the Phantom Ranch. Individually listed on the NRHP</p><br>
<p>The Kolb Brothers Studio (1904) was established by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb, the studio featured the Kolbs&#39; films and slide shows of the Grand Canyon in a building perched on and extending over the rim of the canyon at the head of the Bright Angel Trail. The building eventually extended to five stories and includes a small auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Verkamps Curio Store (1906), is now Verkamps Visitor Center, operated by the National Park Service. Built by Ohioan John George Verkamp, who sold Indigenous crafts and souvenirs, the two-story shingled building has been described as "modified Mission" style, resembling an adobe building in form but not materials. Members of the Verkamp family lived upstairs through 1978. By 2008, when the store was the oldest concessioner in the national park system, the Verkamp family elected not to renew their concession. The store closed and the Park Service renovated the building as a visitor center.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Power House was built by the AT&SF to provide electricity to concessioner and park facilities. The power house is notable for its application of rustic design principles to an industrial structure and for its creative use of scale. It is an individually listed National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Depot (1910) and Grand Canyon Railway (1905) were built by the AT&SF. The depot, designed by Francis W. Wilson, is an individually listed National Historical Landmark, and the railway is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The AT&SF Employee residences were built to house concessioner employees. Both the subdivision and the houses themselves are larger than the Park Service equivalent, with garages to the rear of the houses on alleys.</p><br>
<p>Park Service structures include:</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence (1921) was originally the parks first headquarters building. It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style by Hull, and altered in 1931 by Vint to be the superintendent&#39;s residence. The residence is individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Park Operations Building (1929) replaced the first headquarters. Now the park&#39;s law enforcement center, it is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon South Rim Rangers Dormitory (1920) was built as a workers dormitory, and was converted to house park rangers in 1927. It is individually listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service Employee residences (1924–1933) were built under the direction of Hull and Vint on cul-de-sacs, facing inward to a common pedestrian area. The 16 houses were designed in the NPS Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>Other contributing buildings include dormitories, service shops, a jail, a firehouse, the park hospital, a post office and two schools. Non-contributing structures include the Thunderbird and Kachina lodges between the Bright Angel Lodge and the El Tovar.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designation</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s initial listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1975 included 39 buildings, then was expanded in 1982 to include the Bright Angel Lodge and an additional 25 buildings. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark District on February 18, 1987. On October 24, 1995 the district was again expanded to include the historic center of Grand Canyon Village. The present district includes 247 buildings, 55 landscape structures and three sites. The NRHP district differs from the NHL district by its inclusion of two non-contiguous cemeteries, not part of the NHL since they have no association with park architecture.</p><br>
<p>Try 1995 doc, did that expansion add Bright Angel Lodge. There is 1982 NRHP listing of Grand Canyon Inn but that is on North Rim.</p><br>
<p>There is 1982 NRHP listing of Grand Canyon Inn but that is on North Rim.</p><br>
<p>The former Illinois State Police Office in Pontiac, Illinois, United States served as the Illinois State Police District 6 headquarters from its construction in 1941 until 2003. The building, located along old USA Route 66, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The Illinois State Police Office south of Pontiac, Illinois along USA Route 66 was constructed in 1941 as the headquarters for the Illinois State Police District 6. The building was one of the first headquarters buildings to be built during the era.</p><br>
<p>The new headquarters building was constructed and traffic along Route 66 continued to increase throughout the 1940s. In 1944 the route was widened to four lanes through this region of Illinois and two additional highway lanes were constructed directly in front of the building. When Interstate 55 was built about a half mile (800 m) to the west of the route during the 1970s traffic on 66 began to decrease. The Illinois State Police remained headquartered in the Pontiac USA Route 66 building until 2003. The building is vacant as of 2003.</p><br>
<p>After being listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in March 2007, preservationists received word that a bill had passed the Illinois House of Representatives authorizing the state to pass ownership of the building to Livingston County.</p><br>
<h3>District six</h3><br>
<p>The 6th District of the Illinois State Police was originally established as District 9 and it was one of initial five police districts established when the State Police were officially founded in April 1922. Its original base of operations was in Kankakee, as was the headquarters for the entire State Police agency. The district covered Cook, Will, Iroquois, and Vermilion Counties upon its inception. In 1935 the district renamed as District 6, and its coverage area was altered to just include the counties of Kankakee, Ford, Iroquois, McLean and Livingston. It was at this time that the headquarters was moved into a rented building along U.S Route 66 near Pontiac.</p><br>
<p>The official groundbreaking for the new headquarters took place in August 2001 and was attended by then-Illinois Governor George Ryan. The new headquarters building, a 23,000 ft&sup2; facility, was the result of successive requests from the Illinois State Police every year since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Pontiac State Police Office is cast in the Art Moderne style, reflecting the sleek, streamlined look of new automobiles during the era. The streamline effect is reflected through the structures use of curved corners, smooth surfaces and structural glass bricks. The buildings interior contains a large squad room, used for meetings, office space, a public lobby and a garage bay for cars and motorcycles.</p><br>
<p>The one-story building has two main wings. The north wing was originally the administrative area and the south wing a garage. The same design was used by the Illinois State Police in the construction of the headquarters building at Rock Island.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites are pre-Columbian archaeological sites and ruins, located in Phoenix, Arizona. They include a prehistoric platform mound and irrigation canals. The City of Phoenix manages these resources as the S’edav Va’aki Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Long before Euroamericans moved into the area that is now Phoenix, it was home to a thriving civilization called Huhugam by the culturally affiliated O’odham and the Hohokam by archaeologists. These Ancestral Native Americans created the archaeological structures preserved at Pueblo Grande.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande features a large platform mound with retaining walls. This massive structure contains over 20,000 cubic meters (yards) of fill. There were also many dwellings, and at least three ball courts.</p><br>
<p>The Hohokam archaeological culture developed some of the largest and most advanced canal systems in all of pre-Columbian North America. They were the first people to practice irrigated agriculture in the region. The remnants of their irrigation canals are part of the archaeological site at Pueblo Grande.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande was occupied from approximately AD 450 to 1450, at which time it was abandoned like many other villages throughout the Phoenix basin. The reasons why these ancestral Native Americans left their villages and irrigation systems are widely debated among archaeologists. There are many competing hypotheses that include floods, droughts, warfare, and disease.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<h3>Canal system</h3><br>
<p>Canals were built, maintained, and abandoned by the Hohokam for almost a thousand years. The site of Pueblo Grande is situated at the headgates of multiple large canals on the north side of the Salt River. A combination of a bend in the river and a bedrock outcropping served to push river water to the surface and made this an ideal place to divert water into the canals where it was carried for long distances. The longest Hohokam canal originated near Pueblo Grande and carried water for over 16 miles into the area of modern-day Glendale. This likely gave Pueblo Grande a prominent role among the many Hohokam villages on the north side of the Salt River. The remains of these canals are preserved at Pueblo Grande in an area called the Park of Four Waters.</p><br>
<p>Other platform mound villages like Pueblo Grande were built at strategic locations along the Salt River, and may have been involved in controlling the flow of water to outlying villages. Complex cultural organization would have been needed to maintain all the canal systems.</p><br>
<h3>Ballcourts</h3><br>
<p>The site of Pueblo Grande may have had as many as two ball courts. These were publicly accessible sites likely used for ceremonial purposes, possibly ritual ball games, and periodic markets. Ball games may have drawn large crowds to participate in market activities, facilitating regional trade. There may be cultural links between Hohokam archaeological culture ballcourts and Mesoamerican ballcourts, though, there are significant architectural differences between their design.</p><br>
<p>Some time after AD 1100, the Hohokam archaeological tradition discontinued use of their ballcourts. Many of the ballcourts were filled in with trash and platform mounds, such as the one at Pueblo Grande became more prominent at Hohokam sites.</p><br>
<h3>Platform mound</h3><br>
<p>The platform mound at Pueblo Grande began as two low circular mounds around AD 800. These were expanded over time with stone-walled cells that were filled with trash and capped with caliche plaster to create a platform upon which structures were built. The platform mound was also surrounded by a 6 to 7-foot high compound wall, which would have limited access to the mound. Some archaeologists have suggested that platform mounds were used for ceremonial purposes. The platform mound at Pueblo Grande is one of the largest mound structures ever built by the Hohokam.</p><br>
<p>A possible astronomical observatory was built on top of the Pueblo Grande platform mound. One room had doors that may have, at the winter and summer solstice, aligned with Hole-in-the-rock, a natural feature in the Papago Buttes to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Archival records indicate that there was once also a "big house" at Pueblo Grande, similar to the one at Casa Grande National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Sedav Vaaki Museum</h2><br>
<p>The platform mound and approximately 5 acres of surrounding land were donated to the City of Phoenix in 1924 by Thomas Armstrong. Soon after, Phoenix purchased an additional 10 acres south of the platform mound, named "Park of Four Waters", which became part of the Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park. In 1929 Odd S. Halseth was hired as both the director of Pueblo Grande and as Phoenix&#39;s City Archaeologist – the first City Archaeologist in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park continued to expand and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. It consists of two parts, that were on adjacent properties, and both associated with the same history. They were listed separately in the National Register of Historic Places as Pueblo Grande Ruin and Hohokam-Pima Irrigation Sites on the October 15, 1966 date when all National Historic Landmark sites were administratively listed. In addition to containing exhibit galleries, the museum now functions as a repository for archaeological collections from the City of Phoenix. On March 23, 2023, the City of Phoenix changed the name of the Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park to Sedav Vaaki Museum.</p><br>
<p>San Bernardino Ranch is a historic ranch house in the southern San Bernardino Valley near the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in extreme southeast Cochise County, Arizona, United States. It is significant for its association with the beginning of cattle ranching in southern Arizona and northern Mexico. The ranchland and valley are part of the headwaters region of the Yaqui River.</p><br>
<p>The site is also known as the Slaughter Ranch, for it was the home of the Old West lawman John Horton Slaughter from the 1880s until his death in 1922. In 1911, during the conflict known as the Border War, a United States Army camp was established at the ranch and was called Camp San Bernardino Ranch, or the Slaughter Ranch Outpost.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its association with Slaughter. Today the compound includes the preserved ranch house, wash house, icehouse, granary, and commissary. Much of it is set up as a museum known as the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The San Bernardino Valley was originally home to Southern Athabaskan Native American tribes. Spanish missionaries, including the Jesuit missionary Father Eusebio Kino, were the first Europeans to visit the site, in 1694. The Marqués de Rubí proposed the building of the San Bernardino Garrison, which was occupied from 1775 to 1780. The original Mexican land grant of 73,240 acres, where the San Bernardino Ranch sits today, was purchased by Ignacio Perez in 1822 for 90 pesos (plus additional fees). He was chased from his land grant by local Apache Indians in the 1830s. In 1846 the Mormon Battalion came through the property on their way to California. A historical marker commemorating their passage can now be seen at the beginning of the road leading to the front gate. Prospectors and pioneers continued to trek through the valley in the 1840s and 1850s on their way to California. On June 8, 1854, the valley officially became part of the United States following the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Slaughter Ranch</h3><br>
<p>In 1884, John Horton Slaughter, a cowboy and lawman originally from Texas, purchased 65,000 acres from Perezs heirs for approximately $80,000. Two-thirds of his property lay in Mexico, with the remaining third in the Arizona Territory. There are ruins on the property now owned by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service where a Mormon employee of Slaughters built a home (called the Mormon House) straddling the USA–Mexico border so he could keep a wife in the United States and a wife in Mexico. The home was two rooms, one on each side of the border, with a breezeway connecting them.</p><br>
<p>Slaughter was elected sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona in 1886, and served two terms through 1890. He became well known for restoring lawfulness in towns like Tombstone, Arizona after the infamous 1881 Gunfight at the OK Corral. The Tombstone jail was once known as the "Hotel de Slaughter". He helped tame the Arizona Territory, and was known to return from searching for outlaws with only their horses and equipment. Slaughter and his second wife, Viola Slaughter (born Cora Viola Howell), as well as her parents, Amazon and Mary Ann Howell, and Slaughter&#39;s children from his first marriage, Addie and Willie, lived at the ranch for many years. The 7.6 Sonora earthquake, centered in Bavispe, Sonora, destroyed the Howell residence on the property in 1887. The Howells managed the property until Slaughter finished his second term as sheriff. Slaughter had as many as 500 people living and working on the ranch, including many foster children. The most noteworthy of these was an Apache toddler, Apache May Slaughter, who was adopted by Slaughter after she was abandoned by her parents while Slaughter was tracking her band, who were responsible for killing white men in Arizona. Slaughter and the girl adored each other. She called Slaughter "Don Juan". She died from burns as her dress caught fire at age 6. She is buried in the cemetery on what is now the wildlife refuge.</p><br>
<p>Children were a large part of the ranch activities, and Slaughter loved children. There were enough children that the Slaughters built a schoolhouse, Slaughter School District No. 28. The children played in the natural artesian wells on the property and had picnics. Viola would bring the children ice cream from the icehouse. The kids loved swimming in the house pond, which was dammed by Slaughter for irrigation purposes. Slaughter loved technology. His was the first private home in southeastern Arizona to have a telephone. He owned six cars, yet never learned to drive.</p><br>
<p>From 1911 to 1920, the Slaughter Ranch Outpost for Camp Harry J. Jones in Douglas, Arizona was established on the ranch, on top of Mesa de la Avanzada overlooking the ranch house. Following the May 4, 1919 murder of Jesse Fisher by Manuel Garcia and Jose Perez, John and Viola moved to Douglas. John Slaughter died peacefully in his sleep on February 16, 1922. Viola sold the property around 1936 to a friend, Marion Williams.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 Paul and Helen Ramsower purchased the property. On August 7, 1964, the San Bernardino Ranch National Historic Landmark was entered on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ramsowers turned the ranch over to The Nature Conservancy in 1980. The buildings were purchased in 1983 by the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service purchased most of the remaining property. Of the original acreage, 131 acre belong to the museum and the rest belongs to the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge and ranch are home to the Yaqui Topminnow and Yaqui Chub, two endangered species of fish known to exist only in the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Today, the existing buildings at the San Bernardino Ranch have been carefully restored to their early 1900s appearance based on personal accounts and photographic records. The buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Ranch house: An adobe structure with a hipped roof and redwood shingles, it contains six bedroom rooms, plus a living room/dining room, bathroom, kitchen, pantry, cowboy dining room, and porch.</p><br>
<p>Ice house: Made of natural stone.</p><br>
<p>Wash house</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s room and commissary</p><br>
<p>Granary</p><br>
<p>Car Shed: Contains a fully restored 1915 Model T Ford</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest is open to the public and is frequented by birdwatchers, school children, and people with an interest in Southwest history. It was the brainchild of Mr. Floyd Johnson, who established the museum "so that the youth of tomorrow may know what it was like yesterday."</p><br>
<p>The San Bernardino Ranch is located at 6153 Geronimo Trail, Douglas, Arizona 85608.</p><br>
<p>Hours: Wednesday through Sunday 9:30 AM – 3:30 PM (closed on Mondays and Tuesdays)</p><br>
<p>Admission: $5.00 per adult; under 14 free</p><br>
<p>Closed on Christmas and New Year&#39;s Day</p><br>
<p>No pets allowed</p><br>
<p>The John R. Oughton House, commonly known as The Lodge or the Keeley Estate, is a Victorian mansion located in the village of Dwight, Illinois, United States. The grounds remain mostly unchanged since the house was moved from its original site in 1894 and remodeled a year later. John R. Oughton occupied the house until his death in 1925, and in 1930, the house became a boarding home for patients of the internationally known Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute was founded in 1879, in part by Oughton, and utilized a new form of treatment for alcoholism. The estate grounds feature two outbuildings, a carriage house and a windmill, as well as a pond. Since 1978, the Oughton House has been occupied by a private restaurant, but the windmill is owned by the Village of Dwight, and the carriage house is a public library. The Oughton House and its outbuildings were added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1879, Dr. Leslie Keeley announced the result of a collaboration with John R. Oughton, which was heralded as a "major discovery" by Keeley. The discovery, a new treatment for alcoholism—developed from a partnership with John Oughton, an Irish chemist, and a merchant named Curtis Judd—resulted in the founding of the Keeley Institute.</p><br>
<p>After Keeley died in 1900, Oughton and Judd took over and continued the Keeley Institute. The institute drew criticism and with Keeley, its primary spokesman and defender, gone, the organization began to fade into national oblivion. By the late 1930s, most physicians believed "that drunkards are neurotics and cannot be cured by injections." When John R. Oughton died in 1925, his son took over the declining institute. It continued to operate until closing its doors in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oughton House, known as The Lodge, is a 20 room Victorian mansion located on the south side of the Livingston County village of Dwight, USA. The original building was constructed in 1891 on a different site and moved to the grounds of the Keeley Estate in 1894 to act as a clubhouse for the Keeley Club, an organization of Keeley Institute graduates that first met in the original building on the property and then in the Oughton House, until 1894. At the time of the move the house was known as the Scott House. It was originally constructed as a boarding house for W.T. Scott. In April 1894 the house underwent an elaborate remodeling project which transformed the clubhouse into a home for John R. Oughton. Oughton was one of the founders of the Keeley Institute. At the time of the structure&#39;s renovation, Mrs. Oughton named the house "the Manse."</p><br>
<p>Oughton lived in the home until he died in 1925, at which time his widow had a home built next door and announced that the Oughton House was to become lodging for 40&ndash;50 patients at the Keeley Institute. The conversion for the change took over a year and a half and institute patients moved into the Oughton House on December 24, 1930. Newspaper reports at the time indicated that the remodeling added 15 bedrooms to the house but left the exterior mostly unchanged. In addition, the brick barn was converted into a gymnasium at that time.</p><br>
<p>The John R. Oughton House served as patient housing for the institute until the organization folded in 1965. Following the closing, James Oughton, Jr., grandson of John R. Oughton, opened the Lodge Restaurant. The conversion into a restaurant did not make any substantial changes to the house or its grounds. In 1978 Robert Ohlendorf and his wife purchased and renamed the restaurant, and made extensive changes to the interior which were mindful of the original Victorian architecture. No substantial changes have been made to the exterior, other than to allow access for the disabled.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Victorian style John R. Oughton House was described as handsome and inviting in an 1895 local newspaper article. Elements found within the home include, a slate roof, large windows, colonial piazzas and interior oak, mahogany and birch finishing. The 1895 house included 20 rooms on its first two floors, a number which included servants quarters. In its basement was a bowling alley, dance hall and three storage rooms. The periods of renovation and remodeling have substantially changed the houses interior but its exterior remains largely similar to its original appearance. The Oughton house is of wood frame and Bedford limestone construction.</p><br>
<h2>Windmill</h2><br>
<p>The grounds of the Oughton House also hold a 110 ft windmill tower. The windmill was originally called the Pumping Tower and was constructed by USA Wind, Engine and Pump Company of Batavia, Illinois. The windmill, which provided a water system for the Oughton Estate, has an 840 ft deep well. The original windmill featured an 88 barrel cypress tank at its top and the windmill head, 16 ft across, was one of the largest in the United States at the time of its construction in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Only two owners held the deed to the windmill between 1896 and 2001. The first, the Oughton family, owned the windmill from its construction until 1996. That year, ownership was transferred to Mike and Bev Hogan. The Hogans donated the windmill to the Village of Dwight with the goal of saving the then deteriorating structure.</p><br>
<h2>Other outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Around the windmill area, while not precisely an outbuilding, is a pond. The grounds remain mostly unchanged, allowing visitors to stroll the area and view the restored windmill and the brick barn that was used as a gymnasium after 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The London Morning News remarked in 1892, "Dwight, Illinois is a small place. Remove Dr. Keeley from Dwight and it would be but a pin mark on the state map." The founding of the Keeley Institute in 1879 by Dr. Leslie Keeley and his associates John R. Oughton and Curtis Judd had great influence on the development of the village of Dwight. The Lodge, first as Oughton&#39;s home and then as the focal point of the internationally known institute has always been one of the most visible reminders in Dwight of the Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute solidified its place in American culture throughout its period of prominence as several generations of Americans joked about people, especially the rich and famous, who were "taking the Keeley Cure" or had "gone to Dwight."</p><br>
<p>The Oughton House and the surrounding grounds are the only publicly accessible Keeley associated properties remaining in Dwight. Others, such as the Livingston Hotel and the Keeley Building, the latter directly across the street from The Lodge, are privately owned and inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Bonita Ranch, founded in 1872 by Henry C. Hooker, is one of the oldest cattle ranches in the United States and the ranch buildings have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It was the first permanent American cattle ranch in Arizona. Hooker bought neighboring ranches until his operation became the largest ranch in Arizona, totaling 800 square miles, or about 30 by. It is located in Sulphur Springs Valley about 27 mi north of present-day Willcox, Arizona. The modern ranch is much smaller but is still operational and owned by Jesse Hooker Davis, the sixth generation to live and work on the ranch.</p><br>
<h2>Founding</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of the Spanish, the valley was visited and may have been occupied by Chiricahua Apache. Beginning in about 1775, the Mexican government promoted a policy of Indian appeasement that reduced hostilities. By the early 1800s there were a number of Mexican rancheros in the area that managed thousands of cattle on the open range. As a result of the Mexican War of Independence, the settlers in the northern regions lost the governments protection. Apaches stole or killed most of the cattle, and the settlers who didnt return to the interior of Mexico were killed. By about 1840 the only evidence of their former presence were some ruins and a few herds of wild cattle. The California Gold Rush that began in 1849 drew a large number of people through the area, but by this time only the Apache occupied the area.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Gold Rush, cattle were primarily valued for their hides and tallow. A mature steer rarely fetched more than $4.00 a head (or about $ today). The miners and merchants who came to California as a result of the Gold Rush fed an explosion in the states population and a concurrent demand for beef. The price of cattle rose up to $75 a head (around $ today). Ranchers could turn a profit driving cattle from as far as Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to California even though the Chiricahua Apaches took many cattle. The ranchers would drive the cattle up Californias Central Valley. Once they arrived in the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley, they would rent pasture and fatten the cattle up before selling them for a handsome profit.</p><br>
<p>When Hooker arrived in Arizona from California in 1867, he partnered with Captain Hugh Hinds, who Hooker knew from Placerville. Hinds had secured a USA government contract to supply beef to military posts and Indian agencies in Arizona. Hooker visited each agency to assess how much beef each needed. Hooker followed that contract with another by partnering with pioneer cattlemen William B. Hooper and James M. Barney in a similar venture.</p><br>
<p>A family legend says that a herd of cattle stampeded and Hooker&#39;s range hands found the cattle in what later became known as Sulphur Springs Valley. Hooker liked the valley and decided to start a ranch there.</p><br>
<h3>Ranch buildings</h3><br>
<p>Hooker established his ranch in 1872 on the site of a former Spanish hacienda, one of those destroyed by the Apache many years before. His main ranch house was a large, rectangular, U-shaped structure 80 ft by 100 ft surrounding a central patio. The walls were built of two rows of adobe bricks 20 in thick and 16 ft high. To maximize security, none of the building&#39;s outside walls had doors or windows. The only access was through a single gate in a fourth wall, although another door was added in another wall years later when security improved. To maximize self-sufficiency, the patio originally contained a well and a root cellar, but they were later filled in. Hooker developed a relationship with the Apache Indians who used a trail through the valley near his ranch compound. The trail ran between the United States and Mexico, but Hooker rarely had trouble from them.</p><br>
<p>By 1885, Hooker bought other nearby ranches. He built up his herds and brought in expensive bulls and blooded cows. He maintained a dairy herd that kept the ranch supplied with butter and milk. He put in 1,000 acres of alfalfa and timothy, and planted acres of corn and artichokes to use as feed for a large number of well-bred hogs. He had hen houses built to supply the ranch with chickens and eggs. He bought six purebred stallions and ran over 500 brood mares that produced horses that became known for their speed, beauty and temperament.</p><br>
<p>The ranch eventually included lands in Graham and Cochise Counties. It became the largest ranch in Arizona, totaling 800 square miles. Hooker was committed to quality livestock and in the 1880s he improved his herds by importing Hereford graded stock. He was noted for breeding some of the best cattle, horses, sheep, and dogs in the country.</p><br>
<p>Hooker built a number of other buildings that still survive, including the original barn, built of adobe and wood. It was decorated in 1972 with the words "Sierra Bonita Ranch 1872", in honor of the ranchs centennial. North of the main house is a weather-worn adobe bunkhouse with a tin roof and a large adobe corral for storing hay. Other historic corrals at the ranch are made of adobe and wooden planks. Some of the older structures have become unusable, but due to the limitations imposed by the National Historic Structures designation, Davis doesnt want to spend money to rebuild them.</p><br>
<h3>Ranch social life</h3><br>
<p>The ranch became a social center in the southeastern Arizona Territory. Hooker hosted politicians, government and military officials, artists, writers, and scientists. When invited to dinner, everyone was required to wear a coat, and Hooker kept a few extra on hand for guests who didnt have one. Hooker always dressed like an Eastern gentleman and never wore cowboy clothing, even when on the range. Playwright Augustus Thomas set his play Arizona at the ranch and based the two primary characters Canby and Bonita on Hookers family.</p><br>
<h3>Geography and water supply</h3><br>
<p>The valley is at 4,000 ft elevation, allowing the ranch to escape extremes of heat and cold, and thus provided an ideal breeding range. The plentiful water supply included five springs, creeks that flowed in the spring and fall, and abundant, shallow groundwater easily tapped by wells. In case of drought, Hooker had ditches dug that brought water from the mountains to reservoirs on his ranch. Control of a reliable water source gave Hooker the ability to control a range approximately 30 mi long and 30 mi wide.</p><br>
<h3>Cattle operations</h3><br>
<p>Hooker became the largest supplier of beef to the military in the Arizona Territory. Hooker Initially suffered heavy losses, both in personnel and supplies, due to Apache raids. Hooker originally stocked his ranch with Texas Longhorns and low-grade Mexican corrientes before replacing them with Durham cattle.</p><br>
<p>He gradually built his holdings until he controlled 250,000 acre that carried 20,000 head. In the Arizona Territory from 1873–91, cattle herds grew from 40,000 to 1.5 million head. When he died in 1907, Hooker was still the cattle king of Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>Present operations</h2><br>
<p>The Sierra Bonita Ranch was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. It is among the oldest ranches in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It remains an operating cattle ranch and is owned as of 2012 by Jesse Hooker Davis, great-great-great-grandson of Henry Hooker, who took over management from his grandmother, Jacqueline Hooker Hughes. The ranch currently includes 45,000 acres, about one-fifth the size of the operation under its founder, Henry Hooker. Some of the land was lost to homesteaders allowed on the property in the early 20th century by the federal government, and some has been portioned off to other family members. The property currently includes only two of the original five wells, and the ranch no longer includes any of the mountain ranges and their water supplies.</p><br>
<p>The adobe ranch house has been remodeled inside, but it still retains the fortress-like appearance of early days. It is shaded by giant cottonwoods and surrounded by the original adobe corrals, bunkhouses, and barns. The integrity of the site is exceptional for three reasons: Continuity, appearance of the buildings, and the same setting that first attracted Col. Hooker. The ranch is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Tombstone Historic District is a historic district in Tombstone, Arizona that is significant for its association with the struggle between lawlessness and civility in frontier towns of the wild west, and for its history as a boom-and-bust mining center. Located within the historic district is the legendary O.K. Corral associated with the famous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral that actually took place on Fremont Street, near the back entrance to the O.K. Corral, on October 26, 1881. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tombstone Historic District had ill-defined boundaries when it was first designated in 1961. The landmarked area was generally agreed to include at least the area bounded by Toughnut, Fremont, 3rd and 6th Streets, but its precise limits were a subject of continuing debate through at least 1986. The district covers about 42 acre of downtown Tombstone, and is anchored at its southwestern corner by the former Cochise County Courthouse, now the centerpiece of Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Buildings in the district typically have an appearance (either original or restored) to the town&#39;s early mining boom period of the 1880s. Although mining began in the area in the 1870s, fires in 1881 and 1882 destroyed most of its central business district. Significant among the buildings constructed after those fires are the 1882 City Hall, the 1881 Schieffelin Hall, a large performance venue built out of adobe, and the 1881 Bird Cage Theatre, a theater and playhouse which also housed a brothel.</p><br>
<p>Ventana Cave  is an archaeological site in southern Arizona. It is located on the Tohono Oodham Nation. The cave was excavated under the direction of Emil Haury by teams led by Julian Hayden in 1942, and in 1941 by a team led by Wilfrid C Bailey, one of Emil Haurys graduate students. The deepest artifacts from Ventana Cave were recovered from a layer of volcanic debris that also contained Pleistocene horse, Burden&#39;s pronghorn, tapir, sloth, and other extinct and modern species. A projectile point from the volcanic debris layer was compared to the Folsom Tradition and later to the Clovis culture, but the assemblage was peculiar enough to warrant a separate name – the Ventana Complex. Radiocarbon dates from the volcanic debris layer indicated an age of about 11,300 BP.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Huckell and C. Vance Haynes restudied the Ventana Cave stratigraphy and artifact assemblage in 1992-1994. New radiocarbon dates and reanalysis of the artifacts indicates that the volcanic debris layer was laid down between 10,500-8,800 BP. Huckel and Haynes hypothesized that vertical turbation (postdepositional disturbance) is responsible for Haury&#39;s original interpretation that these extinct fauna were killed with stone tools. "This turbation may have led to the incorporation of bones of extinct fauna from an underlying conglomerate deposit rich in horse remains, creating the impression of their association with artifacts". Huckel and Haynes believe the Ventana Complex is post-Clovis, and not closely related.Bruce B. Huckell and C. Vance Haynes, Jr., 2003, The Ventana Complex: New Dates and New Ideas on Its Place in Early Holocene Western Prehistory, American Antiquity, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 353-371</p><br>
<p>Ventana Cave was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Yuma Crossing is a site in Arizona and California that is significant for its association with transportation and communication across the Colorado River. It connected New Spain and Las Californias in the Spanish Colonial period in and also during the Western expansion of the United States. Features of the Arizona side include the Yuma Quartermaster Depot and Yuma Territorial Prison. Features on the California Side include Fort Yuma, which protected the area from 1850 to 1885.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Yuma Crossing began at the formation of two massive granite outcroppings on the Colorado River. The narrowing of the river provided the only crossing point for a thousand miles, thus making it a focal point for the Patayan tribes, and later the Quechan.</p><br>
<p>In 1540, well before the British Europeans touched Plymouth Rock in 1620, Yuma&#39;s European history began here with the arrival of Spanish explorer Hernando de Alarcón. It was not until after the 17th and 18th century explorations of the padres Kino and Garcés that the crossing came to be used by the Spanish expeditions of Juan Bautista de Anza and others along this route from 1774. This route, sometimes called the Sonora Road, ran from the Spanish Tubac Presidio, in Sonora to Alta California. An attempt to establish missions and colonize the area of the crossing was made by the Spanish soon after but it failed, when the formerly friendly Quechan were angered to the point of a violent revolt that ended the missions, the colony and the use of the land route until the 19th century. Mexican expeditions mollified the Quechan and persuaded them to allow the use of the crossings, reopening the Sonora Road to Alta California from the later 1820s.</p><br>
<p>Much later the Yuma Crossing became the focal point for travel to the Wild West, from the 1840s California Gold Rush era to the arrival of the railroad in the 1877, and finally the Ocean-to-Ocean Bridge, which linked the East coast and the West coast in one land route.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after the Mexican–American War in 1848, the USA Army built Fort Yuma here to protect travelers from Indians raiding the area. It was the center point of conflict in the Yuma War of 1850–53. From 1864–1890, the fort and nearby facilities was the main army base to support the US Army&#39;s efforts to control the Indians throughout the greater southwest.</p><br>
<p>At about the same time, the Butterfield Stage established a stagecoach station here for their main line coming from the east to California.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966, under the name Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites.</p><br>
<h2>National Heritage Area</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area is a USA National Heritage Area. It was the only lower Colorado River crossing point in the 18th and 19th centuries for non-Native American travelers and immigrants. The Heritage Area is part of the Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places and a National Historic Landmark, in Arizona and California.</p><br>
<p>As with other USA National Heritage Areas, the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area is a local entity in partnership with various stakeholders. At Yuma Crossing, the stakeholders are particularly diverse, including Indian tribes, agricultural interests, environmental and wildlife non-profit organizations, as well as many federal, states, and local agencies.</p><br>
<h3>History park</h3><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area includes the Yuma Quartermaster Depot State Historic Park (formerly known as Yuma Crossing State Historic Park), the Yuma Territorial Prison, Fort Yuma, and other sites, all showcasing the area&#39;s history. They are amidst the beautiful and vital Yuma East and West Wetlands, and against the silhouetted backdrops of the Castle Dome, Chocolate (Arizona) and Chocolate (California) Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The heritage areas interpretive themes include Yumas importance as a cultural crossroads, emphasizing the region&#39;s intersection of three major cultures: Anglo-American, Native American, and Hispanic-Latino. The heritage area recognizes that this rich blend of traditions can best be sustained by their continued expression through architecture, art, music, food, and folkways within the heritage area.</p><br>
<h2>Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Crossing is a designated site of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service area in the United States National Trails System.</p><br>
<h2>Habitat restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Yuma Heritage Area has championed a wetland and riparian habitat restoration project for the East Wetlands, including returning the Colorado&#39;s water flow, in a multiyear, multimillion-dollar effort. In 2004, heritage area partners secured a Clean Water Act permit from the USA Army Corps of Engineers to begin restoration work. More than 200 acre of nonnative invasive species vegetation have been removed and more than 130 acre have been replanted with cottonwoods, willow, mesquite, native bunchgrasses, and palo verde trees. A one-mile (1.6 km) length of back channel has also been excavated, and some 20,000 new trees were planted in 2006.</p><br>
<p>To date, ten different funding sources have provided almost $6 million toward the eventual goal of $18–20 million to complete the project.</p><br>
<h3>Area plant life</h3><br>
<p>Fremont cottonwood – Populus fremontii</p><br>
<p>Catclaw Acacia – Acacia greggii</p><br>
<p>Blue Palo Verde – Parkinsonia florida</p><br>
<p>Velvet mesquite – Prosopis velutina</p><br>
<p>Screwbean Mesquite – Prosopis pubescens – "Tornillo"</p><br>
<p>Honey Mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa</p><br>
<p>Goodding&#39;s black willow – Salix gooddingii</p><br>
<p>Arroyo Willow – Salix lasiolepis</p><br>
<p>Navajo Nation Council Chamber  is the center of government for the Navajo Nation. The landmark building, in Window Rock, Arizona, is significant for its association with the 1930s New Deal, and its change in federal policy for relations with Native Americans, as established in the Indian Reorganization Act. With its red sandstone façade and overall rustic architectural style, the chamber was designed to harmonize with its spectacular natural surroundings. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2004. It is "the only legislative headquarters in the United States owned by an American Indian tribe which has been continuously in use by that tribe and whose design incorporates indigenous materials and architectural traditions tied to the Navajo heritage."</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Navajo National Council Chamber stands amid a campus of other Navajo Nation government facilities in Window Rock, on the south side of Tribal Hill Road, sited with a view of the stone arch formation that gives Window Rock its name. It is a two-level stone structure, built out of red sandstone designed to harmonize with the surrounding sandstone formations. It is octagonal in shape, its design intended to evoke a monumental hogan, the traditional building form of the Navajo people. Ponderosa pine vigas radiate outward to stone buttresses, and heavy wooden timbers serve as lintels and trim. The main entrance faces east (a traditional Navajo orientation), with flanking seven-foot wooden panels carved by the Navajo artist Charles Shirley. At the center of the structure is an octagonal clerestory level. The interior is a single large chamber, with steel columns supporting smaller vigas tied to the larger ones which support the roof. The Navajo artist Gerald Nailor, Sr. was commissioned in 1942 for a mural cycle depicting The History and Progress of the Navajo Nation, which is installed in the interior.</p><br>
<p>The site for the building was chosen by John Collier, United States commissioner for Indian affairs, in 1933, and it was erected in 1934–35 with funding from the Public Works Administration. It was designed by Mayers Murray & Phillip of New York City, a firm known for its Mission Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Hampshire County Courthouse is a Neoclassical edifice in the center of downtown Romney, county seat of Hampshire County, West Virginia. The present building was constructed in 1922 to replace the previous 1833 Neoclassical courthouse that had been destroyed by fire in 1921. The original bell from the 1833 courthouse hangs in the domed bell tower.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War history</h2><br>
<p>During the Civil War, John Baker White was the Clerk of Court for the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>No court proceedings convened in Hampshire County between 1861 and 1864 and the county&#39;s courthouse was used as a stable by Union soldiers stationed in Romney during the war.</p><br>
<p>Upon learning of this, White was again concerned for the safety of the countys records and proceeded to load land registration records ledger books onto wagons and had them transported to Winchester for safekeeping. White selected for transport only the bound volumes of records which included "deed books, wills, and settlements of estates" and kept the unbound paper records in the courthouse, thus separating them so that the entirety of the countys records could not be destroyed by Union forces. White likely chose to transport the bound volumes of records, as the loose paper records would have been more cumbersome to keep together.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, when Winchester was no longer a safe location for the storage of Hampshire Countys records and they again risked destruction by Union Army forces, When Front Royal became endangered by advancing Union Army forces, Captain White had the records moved to Luray Caverns where they remained for several months. In the Fall of 1864, the countys record books were rescued by Captain White and his company as Union Army troops were in the process of destroying them. Captain Whites company loaded about 150 record books into a wagon and they were taken to North Carolina where they remained safely for the duration of the war. Hampshire Countys land records survived and were returned to the courthouse following the conclusion of the American Civil War, likely by a soldier returning to the area from North Carolina. Had White not separated the records and sent the bound volumes away for safekeeping, Hampshire County would have lost all its records during the course of the war, as those that remained in the courthouse were destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Miscellany</h2><br>
<p>The original cast-iron fence that surrounded the 1833 courthouse was removed during reconstruction of the present courthouse and relocated to the Hiett Graveyard on North River between the communities of North River Mills and Pleasant Dale.</p><br>
<p>The Colden Mansion Ruins are located in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States, along NY 17K, at the intersection of Stone Castle Road and Route 17K. The stone walls and foundations, still visible in the woods just off the road, are all that still stands from the house built in 1767 by Cadwallader Colden Jr., son of Cadwallader Colden, and his wife Elizabeth Ellison of New Windsor. The entire area, once the 3,000-acre  family farm, is still known as Coldenham and East Coldenham, and the Colden Family Cemetery is approximately a mile  to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The Colden family owned the house until the mid-19th century when they sold it. In 1940, the Metropolitan Museum of Art acquired some of the original wooden paneling which is now displayed in the museum&#39;s Verplanck Room.</p><br>
<p>The site was one of the first properties identified by the town when it enacted its first local historic preservation ordinance in 1997. In 2000, the town added it to its own listing of historic properties.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, after the construction of Route 747 nearby and the completion of other Stewart Airport access improvements, including the re-routing of the southern end of Stone Castle Road a hundred feet (30 m) westward, away from the ruins, to form a four-way intersection with 747.</p><br>
<p>As part of that construction, the state acquired the mansion property and turned it over to the town, which wants to make the area a park. It is exploring grant opportunities to preserve the property.</p><br>
<p>The Southgate–Lewis House is a historic landmark located one mile east of the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas. The Southgate–Lewis House is located in the center of the east Austin "African American Cultural Heritage District".</p><br>
<p>The Southgate–Lewis House was constructed by the builder Robert C. Lambie in 1888. Its restored late Victorian house style is unique among local simple vernacular buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Charles M. Lewis family owned the house from 1913 to 1979. Following the death of Marguerite Mae Dee Lewis in 1970, the house was abandoned for nearly a decade. The house fell into decline, and because it became a danger to the community, the house was scheduled for demolition. However, the house was saved one week before demolition and then restored for the purpose of preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Southgate–Lewis House is now a city, state, and national historic landmark. In 1986, the house was presented to the W. H. Passon Historical Society as a gift, by a professor at The University of Texas at Austin. The objective of the W. H. Passon Historical Society is to secure and preserve materials and artifacts related to Black culture, in Austin and Travis County.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status designation and recognition</h2><br>
<p>1979 – Designated a City of Austin landmark</p><br>
<p>1980 – Awarded the Heritage Society of Austin Historic Preservation Award</p><br>
<p>1985 – Designated a landmark by the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1987 – Recognized by the State of Texas 70th Legislature, Resolution No. 141, for ensuring the legacy of Black heritage in Austin</p><br>
<p>1987 – Awarded the "Helping Hands Award for Community Service" by the Texas Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History</p><br>
<p>1988 – Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places describes the architectural style as "High Victorian" Gothic Revival. The house has projecting eaves and gables and a prominent front bay with a denticulated cornice. The siding and trim are unusually ornate and varied. A continuous band of vertical siding at the base of the structure is capped with a horizontal band at the window sill. Drop siding occurs up to the sills of the second-story windows, above which multiple rows of fish-scale and rectangular shingles alternate. Ornamental bargeboard trim with brackets is located at the eave line, and the roof is wood shingle. Two brick chimneys rise far above the cedar shake roof. A dormer on the west elevation has diagonal support brackets for the overhang and crossed bargeboard trim. There are 22 double-hung windows.</p><br>
<h3>Interior floor plan</h3><br>
<p>The first floor interior of the house is composed of five rooms. From the front door one enters the main entry hall, which contains the stairway balustrade that leads to the second floor. From the foyer one can enter the main parlor via a door on the right. The parlor contains a fireplace (and functional chimney) with a mantle and brightly colored tiles arranged in a complex non-repeating geometrical pattern. A pair of very large wooden double-doors (that slide into pockets) separate the first parlor from the second parlor. The second parlor has one door which leads to a wrap-around exterior covered porch and another door that leads to a formal dining room. The dining room is completely lined with tongue and groove beaded boards (ceiling and walls) with wainscoting that wraps around all four walls. The dining room then leads to a small kitchen. The kitchen has a door that opens to the wrap-around exterior covered porch. The staircase in the main entry hall leads upstairs to the second floor, which is composed of three bedrooms, a small closet, a small bathroom, and a large hallway with a balustrade surrounding the stairwell. From the hallway, a large window opens onto a small exterior balcony.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Robertson Hill</h3><br>
<p>Joseph William Robertson (1809–1870) is the patriarch of the family after whom Robertson Hill was named. Robertson was a physician, a Texas Ranger, and a member of the House of Representatives in the Fourth Congress of the Republic of Texas. He established a pharmaceutical business and a medical practice on Congress Avenue. He was elected mayor of Austin in 1843. Robertson is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, two blocks from the Southgate–Lewis House. In 1848, Robertson purchased a large tract of land from Dubois de Saligny one half mile east of the city center (which included a home that is now known as The French Legation). Robertson and his son, George L. Robertson, began actively subdividing the family property and selling lots. This region (which includes the Southgate–Lewis House) became known as Robertson Hill.</p><br>
<h3>College Street in 1873</h3><br>
<p>The "Bird&#39;s Eye View of the City of Austin," shown herein, was created by Augustus Koch in 1873. The map provides an interesting historical perspective for our modern day consideration of the Southgate–Lewis House, on many different levels of analysis. The Southgate–Lewis House was constructed only 15 years after this map was created. In 1888 the population of Austin was somewhere between 10 and 15 thousand people. In comparison, the population of San Francisco at that time, where comparable houses were quite common, was a little under 300,000.</p><br>
<p>Judging from this old map, Congress Avenue and College Street were the main streets of Austin; both streets converge upon (or radiate out from) what was the center of the city at that point in time – namely, the State Capitol Building. College Street was a large street (a main street) leading directly from the center of the State Capital Building up into the Robertson Hill area, where homes were being constructed. The only comparable street heading east is the street near Cherry Street, which to this day leads up the hill into the Oakwood Cemetery. The point is: This "Bird&#39;s Eye View" reveals that College Street was a main street. The Southgate–Lewis House was constructed on this main street.</p><br>
<h3>Street names change</h3><br>
<p>On September 21, 1886, the street names in Austin were changed to numbers and College Street became 12th Street. Further, Congress Avenue was designated as the dividing line for naming the numbered streets East vs West. The Southgate–Lewis House is located at 1501 East 12th Street.</p><br>
<h3>John Southgate</h3><br>
<p>John Southgate was a bookbinder and publisher in Austin, Texas with a business at 1008 Congress Avenue, right next door to Charles Lundbergs Bakery at 1006 Congress Avenue, only a few steps away from the Texas State Capitol building. Southgate had more than thirty years of experience working in both England as well as in the United States, in establishments such as Daniel Appleton & Company (a firm which was founded in 1825 and whose successor lives on as Appleton-Century-Crofts). In the late 1800s the Austin American Statesman made numerous remarks praising the work of John Southgate. For example: "Mr. John Southgate has just completed an 850-page ledger, which is a beautiful specimen of the bookbinders art. It is handsomely bound, and in finish and workmanship cannot be excelled any where " (April 12, 1988, Page 3); "The Statesman commends Mr. Southgate as an honest, faithful man, and one whose business engagements will be punctiliously complied with" (April 29, 1884, Page 4). Southgate eventually associated with the Eugene Von Boeckmann Publishing Company.</p><br>
<h3>Robert C. Lambie</h3><br>
<p>Robert C. Lambie was contracted by John Southgate to build the home in 1888. Lambie (with his stonemason partner Francis Fischer) built many historic structures in Texas, including: (a) the First Engineering Building at The University of Texas at Austin (b) the historic home and studio of the iconoclastic German sculptor Elisabet Ney, now the Elisabet Ney Museum (shown herein), (c) the Old Main Building at Texas State University (shown herein), and (d) the Hays County Courthouse (shown herein).</p><br>
<p>Lambie was famous for his elaborate woodwork, as evidenced by the balustrades, ornate door molding, window molding, finial pendants, and the beautifully elaborate plinth blocks within the Southgate–Lewis House. Quoting the State of Texas Legislature: "the Southgate–Lewis Home at the corner of East 12th and Comal Streets in Austin.... one of the in all of Austin".</p><br>
<h3>Lewis family habitation</h3><br>
<h4>Charles M. Lewis and Marguerite Mae Dee Lewis</h4><br>
<p>The Charles M. Lewis family owned the house from 1913 to 1970. Charles M. Lewis was a prominent Black citizen in Austin. Mr. Lewis was a professor at Samuel Huston College, and Marguerite Mae Dee Lewis (his daughter) was a teacher at L.C. Anderson High School, which at the time was located only two blocks from the house. The photograph of Mae Dee Lewis that hangs on the wall within the Southgate–Lewis House today is shown herein. The photograph caption reads as follows: "Mae D. Lewis, Spanish Teacher, OLCA High School, Class of 1957". The acronym OLCA stands for "Old Laurine Cecil Anderson". Laurine Cecil Anderson was most famous for his teachings and being a school administrator in Texas; he founded the Colored Teachers State Association of Texas. Old Laurine Cecil Anderson High School was located only a few blocks from the Southgate–Lewis House.</p><br>
<h4>Robertson Hill High School and Laurine Cecil Anderson</h4><br>
<p>It is worth noting here (from the records of W. H. Passon) that prior to 1907 this school was entitled Robertson Hill High School. High School Classes for African-American students were initiated in Austin within the Robertson Hill High School in 1889. In 1896 Laurine Cecil Anderson resigned his position at Prairie View to become principal of Austins Robertson Hill High School. Then, in 1907 the school became E.H. Anderson High School and finally the school was renamed in honor of Lauren Cecil Anderson in 1938. Lauren Cecil Anderson was a neighbor and family friend of the DeBlanc family and he used to lend books to Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond. Marguerite Mae Dee Lewis, the Lewis family as a whole, and their life during their time in the Southgate–Lewis House, have been immortalized in a series of childrens books written by Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond (see below).</p><br>
<h2>Saving the condemned Southgate–Lewis House</h2><br>
<h3>Condemnation and demolition</h3><br>
<p>After the death of Ms. Lewis in 1970, the house was abandoned for nearly a decade and as a result the house fell into dramatic disrepair. Among other problems, most of the windows were broken and the roof was missing in many locations; thus water had been entering the house for some long time. Pigeons had taken up residence in the house. Because it was a danger to the community, "it was a condemned building scheduled for demolition."</p><br>
<h3>Professor discovers condemned house</h3><br>
<p>A professor had just moved to Austin after living in Berkeley, California, for his first thirty years. Having just completed his Ph.D. at the University of California in Berkeley, he had now become a new assistant professor at The University of Texas at Austin. The professor was looking for a home and he noticed the abandoned dilapidated Victorian house (which is only a few blocks east from the university) one week before the scheduled demolition date, in February 1979. (At this point in time, the house belonged to Mary Elizabeth Lovelady, for reasons unknown.)</p><br>
<h3>Community supports restoration</h3><br>
<p>The professor set out to save the house, to restore the house, and to make the house his home. He was aided by a grant from The Heritage Society of Austin (now named Preservation Austin). Elaine Mayo, the Executive Director of the Heritage Society was very supportive of the project. David Hoffman, the well-established historic preservation architect with the firm Bell, Klein and Hoffman, provided much needed advice. Charles Betts extended his faith in the project and as a consequence Franklin Savings provided the necessary loan. It is interesting to note that Charles Betts and Franklin Savings were located in a very grand historic Austin building – The Walter Tips Building on Congress Avenue, a City, State, and National Landmark. A special type of loan was required during the period of the restoration work and this loan was arranged by Randy Peschel who was at the City National Bank of Austin.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration of the Southgate–Lewis House</h2><br>
<h3>Restoration craftsman</h3><br>
<p>Peter J. Fears was the craftsman in charge of the restoration work. Fears had just completed an exemplary restoration of the historic Limerick-Frazier House, only a few blocks away on 13th Street. Fears moved into the restored home with his family. The Limerick-Frazier House, located at 810 East 13th Street, was constructed in 1876.</p><br>
<p>When Peter Fears began the restoration, he discovered a structural feature of the house that probably helped preserve the structural integrity of the house during its extended period of deterioration, particularly with all of the damage on the roof. Fears was happy to discover a somewhat surprising fact about the carpentered framing of the Southgate–Lewis House – all of the interior walls were reinforced with long and wide diagonal boards.</p><br>
<h3>Interior wall diagonal shiplap</h3><br>
<p>When unsalvageable water-damaged wallpaper was removed, Fears discovered that the interior walls were not composed of the usual "lath and plaster," which was so common in the late 19th century Victorian buildings, but instead covered with shiplap laid diagonally, at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the frame, much as external sheathing is, making the structure quite stiff, resistant to gusts of wind (which are quite common in the region).</p><br>
<h3>Calcasieu lumber</h3><br>
<p>The interior wall diagonal shiplap boards were stamped by the lumberyard, "Calcasieu Lumber Co". Calcasieu was founded in 1883, only a few years prior to the construction of the house. Calcasieu began downtown along the Colorado river between Guadalupe and Lavaca and grew to occupy six city blocks in the 1950s. Calcasieu Lumber Company lives on to this day. The Calcasieu Lumber Co. was "named after the top-quality lumber that came from Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana" – in particular, the longleaf pine.</p><br>
<h3>Unexpected treasures</h3><br>
<h4>Treasures</h4><br>
<p>The restoration work on the interior of the Southgate–Lewis House revealed many unexpected treasures: a beautiful elaborate staircase balustrade, beaded tongue-in-groove (tongue and groove) hardwood paneling, patterned brass hardware, wainscotting, wood floors from old-growth heartwood longleaf pine, from the Calcasieu Pine District of Louisiana.</p><br>
<h4>Floorplan alterations</h4><br>
<p>The restoration craftsman (Peter J. Fears) along with the restoration architect (David Hoffman) concluded that the house had not undergone any major changes in the basic floor plan since its original construction, with one exception. It seems reasonable to conclude, based upon a variety of structural clues, that the small kitchen was not part of the original structure created by Robert C. Lambie for John Southgate.</p><br>
<h2>A home once again</h2><br>
<p>Following the restoration of the Southgate–Lewis House, the professor moved into the home with his family.</p><br>
<h2>Donation to the Passon Society</h2><br>
<p>After living in the home for a long time, encouraged by Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond, the professor donated the Southgate–Lewis House to the W. H. Passon Historical Society in December 1986. The goal of the Passon Society is to secure and preserve materials (journals, books, periodicals, exhibits, et cetera) related to African-American Black history and to establish an educational center for the purpose of research into the topic and the acquisition of related knowledge. The Southgate–Lewis House seemed like the ideal home for the W. H. Passon Historical Society, and reciprocally, the W. H. Passon Historical Society seemed like the ideal steward for the historic preservation of the Southgate–Lewis House.</p><br>
<h2>W. H. Passon Historical Society</h2><br>
<h3>Purpose and goal</h3><br>
<p>The W. H. Passon Historical Society is an organization that strives to secure and preserve materials and artifacts related to Black culture in Austin and Travis County, Texas. The Society was founded by Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond (with Janie Beatrice Perry Harrison and Fannie Mae Murphy Lawless). The Society was first organized in 1975 (by Ada Simond) and then chartered by the State of Texas in 1979. The stated purpose is "To unite all individuals within and without the Black Community who have a genuine interest in the Past, and an eagerness to discover the depth and breadth of the Black Experience in Austin and Travis County." The stated goal is "To secure, preserve and legitimize events, documents and artifacts related to the Black Culture in Austin and Travis County recognize and reward the efforts of individuals and organizations which protect, enhance and reflect respect for the Black Heritage of our community."</p><br>
<h3>The Southgate–Lewis House</h3><br>
<p>The Southgate–Lewis House is now the home of the W. H. Passon Historical Society. The objective of the historical society for the Southgate–Lewis House is "to establish an educational center including books, journals, exhibits, periodicals, and other materials by and about Black People for the purpose of research and to broaden the knowledge of the citizenry relative to the contributions of Black People. The Southgate–Lewis House stands as an important African-American Historical Landmark and as a repository for African-American history and culture.</p><br>
<h2>Wesley H. Passon</h2><br>
<h3>Educator</h3><br>
<p>Wesley H. Passon (1864–1933) was a Black educator who made many important contributions toward the preservation of African-American history, most notably a summary of the history of the African-American population in Austin, Texas. In 1894, Mr. Passon was elected to the position of principle of the school in Wheatville Texas, which was the first Black community associated with Austin after the Civil War, located just west of The University of Texas at Austin. The community of Wheatville was founded in 1867 by James Wheat, a former slave from Arkansas. The location that was once Wheatville (24th street to 26th street, Rio Grande street to the shoal creek) is now primarily student housing and it contains the majority of all of the sororities and fraternities at The University of Texas at Austin. W. H. Passon then went on to serve as principle of many other early schools of Austin Texas such as Blackshear School which: "opened in 1891 to provide free public education to African-American children in the community." He was the principal of West Austin School, Clarksville School, Olive Street School, and Gregory Town. Two journals record the daily affairs of the West Austin School and the Clarksville School from 1908 to 1918.</p><br>
<h3>Historian</h3><br>
<p>In 1907, W. H. Passon provided a comprehensive historical record for the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church in Austin that has since become an essential resource for scholars and others to this very day. For example: In September 2000, the City of Austin Texas Historic Resources Survey of East Austin, stated that "One of the most important secondary sources obtained for historical research in East Austin was the 1907 Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.)...... compiled by historian W. H. Passon: The Historical and Biographical Souvenir and Program of the 25th Anniversary of Metropolitan AME Church, Austin, Texas 1882-1907".</p><br>
<h2>Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond</h2><br>
<h3>The Charles M. Lewis family</h3><br>
<p>Ada Marie DeBlanc Simond (1903–1989) was an African-American teacher, writer, historian, and public health activist who grew up in the neighborhood of the Southgate–Lewis House (and continued to live in the neighborhood throughout her life). She was a staunch and powerful advocate for the historic preservation of the Southgate–Lewis House. Ada Simond knew the Charles M. Lewis family quite well; she was a friend of Mae Dee Lewis and she frequented the Southgate–Lewis House often. Charles M. Lewis was also a close friend and mentor and he allowed Ada Simond to audit classes at Samuel Huston College (where he was a professor). Later she would go on to acquire a master&#39;s degree at Iowa State University.</p><br>
<h3>Six-book series</h3><br>
<p>Ada Simond used the Lewis family and the Southgate–Lewis House as inspiration for a series of childrens books relating to Black history in East Austin. She published a series of six childrens books entitled Lets Pretend: Mae Dee and Her Family (beginning with Lets Pretend: Mae Dee and Her Family Go to Town in 1977), in which she told historically accurate stories of Black families living in Austin in the early 1900s. These books are "narrated by Mae Dee Lewis, whom Simond identified as a childhood friend." The six-book series was named "Outstanding Publication on a History Subject" by the Texas Historical Commission in 1979. Ada Simond also wrote a weekly column for The Austin American Statesman for several years entitled "Looking Back," which highlighted the historical roots of Austin&#39;s African-American community.</p><br>
<h3>Academic background</h3><br>
<p>Ada Simond holds a master&#39;s degree in home economics from Iowa State University and she taught at Tillotson College between 1936 and 1942. In 1982 Huston-Tillotson College conferred upon her a Doctor of Humane Letters. She was a lifetime member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Council of Negro Women. She has received numerous awards: e.g., The Black Heritage Award from the Austin Independent School District, and The Human Relations Award from the Texas State Teachers Association.</p><br>
<h3>George Washington Carver Museum</h3><br>
<p>Ada Simond cofounded the George Washington Carver Museum, which opened in a historic building that was once the site of Austins first Black library. The Carver Museum is located only two blocks away from the Southgate–Lewis House. In addition to the awards mentioned above Ada Simond also received the Arthur B. DeWitty Award for "outstanding effort and achievement in human rights". She was inducted into the Texas Womens Hall of Fame in 1986. The City of Austin, Texas has named a street in her honor.</p><br>
<h3>W. H. Passon Society</h3><br>
<p>In 1975, Ada Simond organized the W. H. Passon Historical Society to help secure and preserve the history of Austin&#39;s African-American community.</p><br>
<h2>Juneteenth National Independence Day</h2><br>
<p>On June 19, 2021, the annual Juneteenth Celebration became the newest federal holiday: officially, Juneteenth National Independence Day (Jubilee Day, Emancipation Day, Freedom Day, and Black Independence). This traditional annual celebration commemorates the ending of slavery in the United States – the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. A photograph of the Southgate–Lewis House shows how the home of the W. H. Passon Historical Society was utilized on the very day the new Juneteenth National Independence Day was celebrated. The banners on the west elevation of the house (shown herein) depict distinguished African Americans in Government, Education, Literature, Medicine, and Sports. The banners on the north elevation (shown herein) depict distinguished African Americans in Religion and the Military.</p><br>
<h2>Association with educators</h2><br>
<p>Throughout its long history, the Southgate–Lewis House has been associated with educators of one sort or another. The history of the house begins with the bookbinder, John Southgate. (Books are certainly associated with education.) Charles Lewis and Mae Dee Lewis were both educators. The University of Texas professor was an educator. Wesley H. Passon was a distinguished Black educator. And finally, the purpose of the W. H. Passon Historical Society is to "establish an educational center".</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton is a historic single-story house in Memphis, Tennessee, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the only extant example in Memphis of a Victorian piano box house. It is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The piano box house is a vernacular architectural style found in houses built in Middle and West Tennessee, from the mid-19th century into the early part of the 20th century. These one-story houses acquired the name "piano box" from their shape, which was seen to resemble that of a rectangular grand piano.</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton was built around 1860 from Tennessee native Poplar and Cypress woods. It features a long recessed central porch between two flanking parlors. The interior of the home has 14 ft ceilings. Its floors are made from 4 inch pine boards. There are five fireplaces with wooden mantels and some have ornately tiled hearths. It is named after a famed estate Maxwelton House home of Annie Laurie in Dumfriesshire, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Judge John Louis Taylor Sneed purchased the home in 1874. The home has been in the Sneed - Ewell family for four generations. Upon Judge Sneeds death, his wife inherited Maxwelton. Since the couple had no children, after her death the home was passed to her nephew, John Sneed Webb and then to Webbs daughter, Kathleen. In 1918 Kathleen was married in the home to Arthur Peyton Ewell and they had two sons, Arthur Webb Ewell and John Sneed Ewell, both of whom were born in Maxwelton&#39;s west bedroom.</p><br>
<p>Maxwelton was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Hoosier Theatre is a 225-seat historic theatre located at 209 Ferry Street in Vevay, Switzerland County, Indiana. It was built in 1837 as a warehouse and store to serve the town&#39;s large Ohio River traffic. Over the years it has housed a saddlery, the local post office, a tavern, the offices of the Vevay Newspaper, and a theatre, which it became in 1926. It was abandoned in 1955 and sat vacant until 1983, when Historic Vevay, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation was formed to purchase and restore the building. It re-opened in 1987 and continues to operate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Joule Hotel is a four-star, 160-room hotel developed by Headington Hotels, owned by Timothy Headington. Located at 1530 Main Street, between Akard Street and Ervay Street, the building was constructed in 1927 as the Dallas National Bank Building, and was known later as the SPG Building. At the end of Stone Street Plaza, it is in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas, and with the Kirby Building, one of two Gothic high-rises in the city.</p><br>
<p>Its 10th floor pool cantilevers eight feet over the easement below, and was designed by ARCHITEXAS (Architecture, Planning and Historic Preservation, Inc). The interior was designed by Adam Tihany, and the lobby level is home to the Americano and CBD Provisions restaurants in addition to Weekend Coffee. Cocktail bar Midnight Rambler occupies the basement and features decor based on the bar from Stanley Kubricks The Shining and David Lynchs Silencio Club.</p><br>
<p>From 2005 through 2007, evidence of a fire was discovered during ongoing renovations of the building next to the Joule. According to pictures available at the Dallas Public Library, in 1951, a significant fire occurred at the National Shirt Shop and Manuel&#39;s Cleaners, former businesses directly to the East of the Dallas National Bank building.</p><br>
<p>Cardome Centre is a historic property located in Georgetown, Kentucky along the north fork of Elkhorn Creek. The 87 acre is owned by the Catholic Diocese of Lexington and currently houses St. John Catholic School. Previously the property was home to several famous people including Kentucky Governor James F. Robinson. More recently the site was the location of a girl&#39;s academy. It previously served as a community center for the city of Georgetown, but was purchased by the Catholic Diocese of Lexington in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For his military service, Colonel John Floyd was granted by the State of Virginia a total of 1,000 acre, which included the Cardome property. The first structure was built by the Bradford family in 1821. James F. Robinson, who was governor of Kentucky during the American Civil War, made his home on the land. His home burned in 1987 and was torn down.</p><br>
<p>From 1896 to 1987, the Sisters of Visitation owned the property and had a prestigious girls&#39; academy on the site.</p><br>
<p>Future plans include the building of a new chapel and relocation of St. John&#39;s parish to the Cardome property as a replacement for their existing downtown structure.</p><br>
<p>The Flatiron Hotel is located at 1722 St. Mary&#39;s Avenue in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by architect George Prinz and originally constructed in 1912 as an office building, in 1914 it was renovated for use as a hotel. Today the building serves as office and commercial space. It formerly housed an upscale restaurant, the Flatiron Cafe, which closed in 2022. The Flatiron Hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Drawing upon the original Flatiron Building in New York City, Augustus F. Kountze, a local banker and landowner, had the building erected as commercial and office space in 1912. The building, designed in the Georgian Revival style, is one of Omaha&#39;s most distinctive buildings. It has four stories with a circular tower at the point of the triangle, and is highlighted by decorative brickwork. There is limestone trim around the entire building, with a brown brick exterior on the whole building.</p><br>
<h2>In Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>In the novel by Theodore Wheeler, the Flatiron Hotel is the site of a criminal scheme to dig secret tunnels that connect reputable hotels to brothels. The novel depicts several criminal endeavors connected to noted crime and political boss Tom Dennison.</p><br>
<p>The Magnolia Omaha Hotel was originally constructed as the Aquila Court Building, and is located at 1615 Howard Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1923, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architectural firm Holabird and Roach for capitalists Chester and Raymond Cook of Chicago, the Aquila Court Building was built in a "U" shape and designed after the Bargello in Italy. The faces of George and Aquila Cook were emblazoned on the front of the building. A mixed-use building from its inception, the building&#39;s interior courtyard featured extensive landscape gardening. The original garden design resembled an Italian formal garden with stone paths, pools with goldfish, canals and numerous plants. A four-story building, the original design included court-level commercial space and studio apartments, as well as office space.</p><br>
<p>The building has undergone several major renovations. In 1972 the gardens were removed and completely covered with marble slabs and fountains.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 the building was gutted and converted to a hotel, The Westin Aquila. It 1999, it was renamed the Sheraton Omaha Hotel. In 2006, it became the Magnolia Omaha Hotel, part of the Magnolia Hotels chain.</p><br>
<p>The Kendall County Courthouse is a former courthouse in Yorkville, Kendall County, Illinois, United States. The original building was completed in 1864 but was later destroyed by fire. A replica of the Italianate structure was erected in 1887. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Kendall County Courthouse began in 1862 in Yorkville, Illinois on a bluff overlooking the Fox River. The limestone and brick building was completed in 1864 and went into service as the primary judiciary building for Kendall County. The original completed structure stood four and a half stories tall including its two-story cupola.</p><br>
<p>At about 4 a.m on March 25, 1887 the courthouse was struck by fire. Yorkville, without a fire department at the time, was forced to rely upon railroad water cars from nearby Aurora to extinguish any blazes. Citizens of Yorkville rescued the sheriff, his family and two prisoners being held in the jail. Though the exact cause of the fire was never determined, it is believed to have started in a coal stove in the sheriff&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>The railroad cars did not arrive to Yorkville in time and the building was almost completely destroyed. The fire left only the exterior walls standing.</p><br>
<p>The population of Kendall County grew and in 1958 the courthouse expanded with the addition of two wings to the building, on the east and west sides of the structure. The building stayed in use as the courthouse until 1998, when a new facility was built. Between 1998 and 2000 the Kendall County Courthouse stood vacant until a restoration project started in 2000. The restoration included the installation of a replica of the cupola that was removed in 1920 and renovation of the historic courtroom. As of 2008, the courtroom and some meeting room serves as rental space for reunions and conferences.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original building was a prominent example of Italianate architecture which the 1887 rebuild was designed to replicate. The original design was drafted by architect O.S. Kinnie, he died in 1869 and is credited with designing dozens of courthouses and public buildings in Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. No photos of the original building exist and the known descriptions come from new reports and government meeting minutes. The redesign was done by Henry Hebbard.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Kendall County Courthouse is locally important for its contributions to government and politics in the area. Many decisions were made within the building that shaped the future of Kendall County. The courthouse was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Winona Site is a complex of archaeological sites in Coconino County in the state of Arizona, within the Coconino National Forest. It is located near Sunset Crater, which erupted in 1066. Cultural changes following this eruption are evidenced by findings at this site. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Winona Site was first investigated formally in the 1940s by John McGregor, an archaeologist affiliated with the Museum of Northern Arizona. McGregor excavated six pit houses with architectural features distinctive of the Hohokam people of the 10th century. He theorized that the Hohokam, more typically found further to the south, migrated to this area by the fertility of the landscape created by the eruptions of the crater. In addition to the pit houses, McGregor uncovered trash mounds and a ball court. Pottery finds at the site were also characteristically Hohokam in their color, decoration, and design.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent researchers have cast some doubt on the initial theories put forward by McGregor, suggesting instead that the site was primarily a trading site, rather than a permanent relocation. Additional finds at the site are more typical of the Sinagua people who dominated the surrounding area, including Sinagua-style pottery and a number of human remains buried in manners associated with known Sinagua practices. There were also shell fragments, consistent with being debitage left over from the manufacture of jewelry. The source of the shells appears to have been the Gulf of California, an area the Hohokam had access to.</p><br>
<p>The Blackstone Hotel is a historic hotel located at 302 South 36th Street in the Blackstone neighborhood of the Midtown area in Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1915, it was declared an Omaha Landmark in 1983 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Blackstone was built by the Bankers Realty Investment Company as a residential hotel in 1915. Residents generally rented by the year rather than the day and received hotel services. Although there were single room units, most were suites with six to eight rooms. Each floor had four glass sunrooms and ornate furnishings throughout.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the building was purchased by Charles Schimmel, an immigrant from Vienna. After converting the Blackstone to a regular hotel, it soon became a "symbol of elegance" and gained a high stature nationwide as the premier hotel between Chicago and San Francisco along the Lincoln Highway. Among its amenities, the hotel published its own magazine, The Blackstonian, and kept a small fleet of Pierce-Arrow limousines for visiting dignitaries who arrived in Omaha by train. There were also a ballroom, rooftop gardens, and award-winning restaurants. The Orleans Room was the Blackstones most famous restaurant; it received Holiday Magazines "Award for Excellence" for 16 straight years. Through the 1970s the building was one of the most successful elegant small hotels in the country.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Radisson Hotel Corporation bought the hotel and operated it until 1976. The Blackstone was renovated for use as offices in 1984 and renamed the Blackstone Center.</p><br>
<p>In September 2007, Kiewit Corporation, one of five Fortune 500 companies based in Omaha, bought the Blackstone. Kiewit sold the property in 2017 to local investors Clarity Development Co. and Green Slate Development, who restored it as a luxury hotel, at a cost of $75 million. It opened in November 2020 as the Kimpton Cottonwood Hotel, operated by the Kimpton Hotel & Restaurant Group The original name can no longer be used due to legal issues.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Built on a steel frame, the building is covered in brick with terra cotta detailing.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The Reuben sandwich was likely invented in Omaha by Bernard Schimmel for local grocer Reuben Kulakofsky. According to one version of the sandwichs disputed history, it was first introduced to the world in 1925 on a menu in one of the Blackstones restaurants. Butter brickle ice cream was also first introduced to the world at the Blackstone.</p><br>
<p>Hempstead House, also known as the Gould-Guggenheim Estate or Sands Point Preserve, is a large American estate that was built for Howard Gould and completed for Daniel Guggenheim in 1912. It is located in Sands Point on the North Shore of Long Island in Nassau County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>The estate</h2><br>
<p>The grounds contain two castle-like buildings; Hempstead House is the main house (approx 50,000 square feet), and a larger house known as Castle Gould (approx 100,000 square feet). The main house measures 225 ft, 135 ft and has three floors containing 40 rooms, punctuated by an 80 ft. Once construction had completed, the 300 acre estate needed 17 house servants and 200 farmers and groundskeepers to maintain its upkeep. Hempstead House in its prime was regarded as one of the most lavish estates to occupy Long Island&#39;s Gold Coast:</p><br>
<p>In its heyday in the 1920s, Hempstead House revealed a taste for extravagance. In the Entry Foyer was an organ made of oak. The pipes still visible on the walls above were merely for show—the music reverberated through openings in the floors. Medieval tapestries once hung on the walls, and oriental carpets covered the floor. The sunken Palm Court once contained 150 species of rare orchids and other plants. An aviary housed exotic birds in ornate cages among the flowers. The walnut-paneled Library was copied from the palace of King James I; relief portraits of literary figures still decorate the plaster ceiling. The Billiard Room featured a gold leaf ceiling, hand-tooled leather wall covering, and carved oak woodwork from a 17th century Spanish palace.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Howard Gould, son of railroad tycoon Jay Gould, began construction of the estate after purchasing the land in 1900. Initially, the plan was to build a castle that was to be a replica of Kilkenny Castle. Castle Gould, as it came to be called, was intended to be used as the main house. However, the Goulds did not like the castle, so they decided to create another house on the estate to serve as the main dwelling.</p><br>
<p>After the completion of the house in 1912, the Goulds sold the estate to Daniel Guggenheim in 1917. The name of the main house was changed to Hempstead House (the limestone stables and the servants&#39; quarters are still called Castle Gould). In 1942, the Guggenheims donated the estate to the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences. Soon after acquiring the estate, the institute sold it to the USA Navy, which held it from 1946 to 1967. The USA government declared the estate as surplus and eventually gave the deed of the property to Nassau County, New York in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Film</h2><br>
<p>Scenes from a number of famous films have been filmed at Hempstead House and the surrounding estate, such as:</p><br>
<p>Scent of a Woman (1992)</p><br>
<p>Malcolm X (1992)</p><br>
<p>Great Expectations (1998)</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill is a historic house built in the late 18th century near Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is a five-part, Georgian-style dwelling house. It has a two-story central block with gable ends. It was restored during the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Rose Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Significance related to residents</h2><br>
<p>It is notable for the following:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Gustavus R. Brown, a lifelong friend of George Washington and one of his physicians, built the house and lived here.</p><br>
<p>Olivia Floyd (1826-1905), a noted Confederate agent and blockade runner during the American Civil War, lived here</p><br>
<p>It is the reputed site of the Port Tobacco Blue Dog Legend</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Gustavus Richard Brown</h3><br>
<p>Around 1780, Dr. Gustavus Brown bought and combined four tracts of land from his neighbor; the property is now known as "Betty&#39;s Delight". Combining this land with his own, he had built the house later named Rose Hill, which was completed in about 1783.</p><br>
<p>The house has been owned by a number of families since it was built. It was restored in 1937</p><br>
<p>and more recently in the early 1970s by Charles Stuart.</p><br>
<h3>Olivia Floyd</h3><br>
<p>The Maryland archives appear to show that Rose Hill Farm (with the manor) was sold to Ignatius Semmes, but do not provide a clear account, i.e., whether it was to the elder Semmes (born 1773), or the younger (born 1821</p><br>
<p>File modified October 7, 2000. It lists dates on gravestones 1778-1826 and 1821-1843 for the elder and younger Ignatius Semmes. See external link to St. Ignatius Church which shows worn gravestones (1773 may be read as 1778).), and when this took place (from 1804 to the early 1820s). Another Gustavus Brown is mentioned more than once in the same area, up to 1826. But the archives do show that older Semmes died in 1826, and the younger Semmes died in 1843, willing the property to his maternal uncle Holmes and paternal aunt Sarah (Semmes) Floyd, married to David I. Floyd, and her children.</p><br>
<p>Olivia Floyd was among the family of Sarah and David Floyd who lived at the manor. She is notable as a Confederate agent and blockade runner during the American Civil War. Floyd sold the property to Maryland State Senator, Adrian Posey, in 1892.</p><br>
<h3>The Blue Dog</h3><br>
<p>Port Tobacco village, at the bottom of Rose Hill, is a town. Rose Hill Road (which is outside Port Tobacco) passes a few widely scattered houses, most notably the home of Thomas Stone, youngest signatory of the American Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Lexington, Lafayette County, Missouri. It was built in 1847 and is the oldest courthouse in continuous use west of the Mississippi River. It is well known for the cannonball embedded in the upper left column, a remnant of the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1847, County Judges Thomas Gordon, Nathaniel Price, and Joseph W. Hall determined that a new Courthouse was needed to serve Lafayette County, Missouri. The judges chose a site on the new Main Street in Lexington, an approved plans for a magnificent structure of the Classic Greek Revival design. Silas Silver, John Catron, Robert Aull, and Henderson Young served as project and contract overseers, and William Dougherty was the architect. On April 1, 1847, the plans were accepted and $12,000 was set aside for building the new structure. The final construction costs were $14,382.46. The old courthouse in "Old Town" Lexington was sold for $1,500 and the old jail was sold for $51.00. This left the total expenditure for the new building at $12,831.46.</p><br>
<p>There is a cannonball embedded in the upper left column, a remnant of the Civil War Battle of Lexington I, fought on September 18, 19 and 20, 1861.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is in the Commercial Community Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Crossett Municipal Auditorium is a historic auditorium building at 1100 Main Street in Crossett, Arkansas. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Crossett Municipal Auditorium was the site of practices and the final competition (modelling, speech, and impromptu questions) in the Miss Rodeo Arkansas pageant of 2007. Miss Brittany Sing was declared Miss Rodeo Arkansas on August 4, 2007. Preceding that announcement, Abby McCallie was declared Miss Rodeo Arkansas Princess and Miss Kirbi Allen was declared Teen Miss Rodeo Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Beacon Incline Railway was a narrow gauge incline railway up Beacon Mountain near Beacon, New York. A popular local tourist attraction, it operated for much of the 20th century, providing sweeping views of the Hudson River Valley. Efforts to restore it have been discontinued.</p><br>
<p>The Otis Elevator Company and Mohawk Construction opened the 2,200&#39; gauge railway on Memorial Day, 1902. Sixty thousand fares were sold in its first year; two decades later that had almost doubled. Riders were often day visitors from New York City who came up the Hudson River by steamboat to Newburgh and then took the Newburgh-Beacon Ferry across the river. After a trolley trip to the base station on Wolcott Avenue (today NY 9D), the railway would take them up to the 1,540 ft northern summit via an average gradient of 65% (33°) and a maximum gradient of 74% (36.5°), the steepest in existence while the railroad operated.</p><br>
<p>As was the case of so many other period incline railways, the Beacon funicular was in reality a means to a larger end. The 75 mi panoramic views from the summit of Beacon Mountain and natural setting would be the lures to get tourists to the doorstep of several profitable attractions the railways backers built atop the mountain, including the Beaconcrest Hotel, a Casino, and a private cottage community following land sales. The hotel and casino were in place by 1926, which proved a banner year, with 110,000 passengers riding to the top. Tragedy struck the next year, with fire consuming both the hotel and casino. Though they were rebuilt within a year, this proved the turning point in the rails history, with the tourism-dampening Great Depression and World War II to follow.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to the automobile replacing historic mass transit to the area - which had brought passengers en masse up the river in excursion boats, via the railroad, and thence trolley right to the base of the lift - recreational patterns changed and the Beacon attraction never regained its popularity. Financial problems and more fires plagued the concern, which was unable to maintain necessary maintenance on either the railway or the summit attractions.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the railway ceased operations. In 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. A fire attributed to vandalism the next year completely destroyed the trackway and consumed the lower station, following which the only remaining structure at the top, the powerhouse, was razed. The route still remains and is visible from much of the city. A 501(c)(3) non-profit, the Mount Beacon Incline Railway Restoration Society, worked from 1996-2022 to restore the attraction, but disbanded without accomplishing its mission.</p><br>
<p>The A. Everett Austin House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 130 Scarborough Street in Hartford, Connecticut. It was the home of Wadsworth Atheneum director Arthur Everett "Chick" Austin Jr. Chick Austin built the house in 1930 after seeing the Palladian Villas of the Veneto on his honeymoon. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994, for its distinctive architectural style and for its association with Austin, the Atheneum&#39;s director 1927–1944.</p><br>
<p>The house is a neo-Palladian homage to Vincenzo Scamozzi&#39;s Villa Ferreti, built in 1596 in Dolo, Republic of Venice.</p><br>
<p>The house, only one room deep, is long and narrow, 86 feet in length by 18 feet in depth. In the front elevation, the central three-bay pedimented pavilion is flanked by four-bay wings. The bays are defined by shallow, two-story Ionic pilasters. The walls of the pavilion and wings are in the same plane, since the pavilion does not project. The planar effect is emphasized by the wall sheathing, which is flush boarding, tongue-in-groove. The twelve flat pilasters rise with entasis from bases of double torus moldings to stylized Ionic capitals. Two string courses, one at first-floor ceiling height, the other below second-floor window sills, establish a horizontal orientation to balance the strong upward thrust of the pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Four stone steps lead up to the double front door in the central bay of the pavilion. Above the door, a balustrade is suggested by half-round, vase-shaped balusters applied to the spandrel under the tall, double round-arched window. First- and second-floor windows in the flanking bays of the pavilion are blind. Windows in the wings are double casements, four panes high at the first floor, three at the second; two are blind at each floor. The pavilion pilasters support a plain architrave and pulvinated frieze. The pediment above is without embellishment in its tympanum, and is wider than the cross gable behind it. The entablature continues under the eaves of the cross-gable roof.</p><br>
<p>After Austin&#39;s departure from Hartford in 1946, Helen Goodwin Austin remained in residence. In 1985, she and her two children, David and Sarah Austin, donated the house to the Wadsworth Atheneum, which provides guided visits of the property.</p><br>
<p>It is among the homes featured in Bob Vila&#39;s Guide to Historic Homes: In Search of Palladio, a six-hour A&E Network study of the work and influence of the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The house was restored in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut Audubon Society Birdcraft Museum and Sanctuary, also known as Birdcraft Museum & Sanctuary or simply Birdcraft Sanctuary, in Fairfield, Connecticut is the oldest private songbird sanctuary in the United States. It was established in 1914 by Mabel Osgood Wright.</p><br>
<p>The 6 acre site was originally planted as a refuge to attract, harbor and feed migratory and resident birds. The Connecticut Audubon Society has documented sightings of more than 120 species of birds at this site, and the organization has operated a bird banding station here since 1979. The natural history museum contains mounted preserved animals displayed in dioramas depicting Connecticut&#39;s wildlife as it existed at the end of the 20th century, as well as the Frederick T. Bedford Collection of African Animals.</p><br>
<p>Structures at the sanctuary include a frame bungalow and a museum building, the former built as a caretaker&#39;s residence. Significant man-made or man-sculpted features of the sanctuary include a pond, gardens, and meadows, as well as a chimney constructed as a nesting spot for chimney swifts. Most of these structures were built in 1914, although the museum and bungalow have both been enlarged (substantially in the case of the museum) since then.</p><br>
<p>The Birdcraft Museum and Sanctuary was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. Its establishment marked the revival of a bird conservation movement which had begun in the 1880s but languished and declined since then.</p><br>
<p>The property is one of six nature centers and 22 wildlife sanctuaries operated by Connecticut Audubon, which is not affiliated with the National Audubon Society.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith House is an 1845 Greek Revival house in the village of Sugar Grove, Illinois, United States. The house was built by Ephraim Smith, a millwright from Vermont. It is the only example of a wood framed Greek Revival rural house in Kane County that remains in its unaltered state. The house has, however, been moved from its original location. The Ephraim Smith House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Ephraim Smith House began sometime shortly after Ephraim Smiths 1844 arrival in Sugar Grove Township, Kane County, Illinois. Smith, a millwright by trade for over 25 years, built the home himself. Smith, from Pawlet in Rutland County, Vermont, purchased 52 acres from Lyman Isbell and promptly returned to Vermont for his family. The family occupied a small cabin while the house was being built. Smiths youngest child, Julia, was born in the cabin in 1845. The original house was composed of locally cut timber using the post and beam method of construction. The house is believed to be the last small frame, Greek Revival, rural house in Kane County that remains in a largely unaltered form.</p><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith House had to be moved to avoid demolition during the late 1970s. When the house was nominated for inclusion on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the move was ongoing. At the new site, a concrete foundation was poured. The above grade portion of the new foundation was faced with the original foundation&#39;s limestone. The limestone foundation and basement stones were moved from the old to the new site to be used for this purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Ephraim Smith house was built and designed by Ephraim Smith in the Greek Revival style of architecture. The original, main house, dates to 1845 and is a one-story frame building, measuring approximately 25 ft by 33 ft. The post and beam construction, which is combined with brick nogging, is rare for the area and the period as cheaper, more efficient balloon framing began to dominate new construction.</p><br>
<p>The front (south) door is unique in its design. Surrounding the inset door are eleven transom windows and three sidelight windows. The sidelights are set above wooden panels. The house stands on a limestone foundation, with some concrete added after the building was moved, and the cedar shingled roof features a central chimney.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>For its architectural significance, as the only example of an unaltered Greek Revival house in rural Kane County the Ephraim Smith House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1980. The craftsmanship of the building, along with its stylistic design were cited as the reasons for the nomination to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The John Dickinson House, generally known as Poplar Hall, is a National Historic Landmark on the John Dickinson Plantation in Kent County, Delaware, 5 mi south of Dover. It was the boyhood home and sometime residence of Founding Father John Dickinson , principal author of the Articles of Confederation and a drafter of the Constitution of the United States. The property is owned by the State of Delaware and run as a museum by the Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs. It became part of the First State National Historical Park in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The main house is an Early Georgian mansion and was built on a 13,000 acre plantation in 1739–40 by Judge Samuel Dickinson, the father of John Dickinson. Wings were added in 1752 and 1754. The house faced a nearby bend of the St. Jones River which is no longer there as the river has been straightened. The original house suffered major damage during a British raid in August 1781 and was nearly destroyed in a fire in 1804. John Dickinson lived there for extended periods only in 1776–77 and 1781–82, although he kept up a keen interest in the property and often visited. Purchased by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in 1952, it was given to the State of Delaware and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>John Dickinson was a lawyer and politician who spent most of the time in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware. He was at various times a Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania and Delaware, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, President of Delaware, and President of Pennsylvania. Among the wealthiest men in the American colonies, he became known as the Penman of the Revolution, for his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, where he eloquently argued the cause of American liberty. Although refusing to vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, he supported the establishment of the new government during the American Revolution and afterward in many official capacities.</p><br>
<p>The Corbit–Sharp House is a historic house museum located at 118 Main Street in Odessa, Delaware. Built in 1772–74, it is one of the finest examples of a brick Georgian house in the Mid-Atlantic states. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967, and is included in the Odessa Historic District. It has been a museum, under different ownerships, since 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Corbit–Sharp House is located on the south side of Main Street in the center of Odessa, opposite its junction with Second Street. It is a -story brick building, with hipped roof whose truncated center is surrounded by a low balustrade. Gabled dormers project from the front and sides of the roof. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance topped by a projecting Doric gabled transom. Windows are set in rectangular openings, with splayed keystone lintels. The ground-floor windows have paneled shutters, while those on the second floor have louvered shutters; this is a traditional Delaware pattern. The interior has a central hallway with rich decorative woodwork, and there is fine original woodwork in the parlor and dining room, with original paneling surrounding the fireplaces in a number of rooms.</p><br>
<p>William Corbit, a prominent local tanner, built the house in 1774. Corbit had business connections with Philadelphia, which probably contributed to the high quality style and workmanship found in his house.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the family until 1938, when it was purchased by Rodney Sharp, who restored the house and several other historically significant buildings in the town. Sharps work on the grounds resulted in the destruction of Corbits tannery buildings. The house now owned and operated by Historic Houses of Odessa. Furnished for the late 18th century period, the house is one of five historic properties that can be toured. Other properties managed by the organization include the 1769 Wilson–Warner House, 1700 Collins–Sharp House, 1822 Brick Hotel, and 1853 Odessa Bank. Tours are given from March through December.</p><br>
